Podręcznik FreeBSD

5.5-RELEASE

cron
X
X
inetd.conf
exports
boot0
boot2
/etc/ttys
rmuser
chpass
chpass
dump
dump
RSH
mdconfig
mdconfig
mdmfs
mdconfig
mdmfs
/etc/ttys
src/
Stała szerokość
stałej szerokości
+
E:\>
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:

root
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0

% top

ia64
commit
make install
pkg_add
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/handbook/index.html
/usr/share/doc/faq/index.html
165
C:
fdisk
tools
C:
D:
C:
D:
D:
C:
C:
SHOW DEVICE
>>>SHOW DEVICE
dka0.0.0.4.0               DKA0           TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57  3476
dkc0.0.0.1009.0            DKC0                       RZ1BB-BS  0658
dkc100.1.0.1009.0          DKC100             SEAGATE ST34501W  0015
dva0.0.0.0.1               DVA0
ewa0.0.0.3.0               EWA0              00-00-F8-75-6D-01
pkc0.7.0.1009.0            PKC0                  SCSI Bus ID 7  5.27
pqa0.0.0.4.0               PQA0                       PCI EIDE
pqb0.0.1.4.0               PQB0                       PCI EIDE

DKA0
DKC0
DKC100
DKx
DKA100
DKC300
PKx
SHOW DEVICE
DQx
PQx
floppies/
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<arch>/<version>-RELEASE/floppies/
<arch>
<wersja>
.flp
floppies/
boot.flp
kern1.flp
kern2.flp
README.TXT
drivers.flp
.flp
fdimage
E:
E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:

.flp
.flp
fdimage
tools
# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0

/dev/fd0
A:
/dev/fd1
B:
Last Chance: Are you SURE you want continue the installation?

If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding!

We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!

Floppy
CDROM
First
Hard Disk
kern.flp
Verifying DMI Pool Data ........
Boot from ATAPI CD-ROM :
 1. FD 2.88MB  System Type-(00)
Uncompressing ... done

BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
Console: internal video/keyboard
BIOS drive A: is disk0
BIOS drive B: is disk1
BIOS drive C: is disk2
BIOS drive D: is disk3
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8

/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |

|
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _

Verifying DMI Pool Data ........ 

BTX loader 1.00  BTX version is 1.01 
Console: internal video/keyboard 
BIOS drive A: is disk0 
BIOS drive C: is disk1 
BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory 

FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8 

/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |

Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:

kern.flp
mfsroot.flp
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. 
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _

kern.flp
>>>BOOT DVA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''

>>>BOOT DKA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''

Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:

kern.flp
mfsroot.flp
Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. 
Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _

avail memory = 253050880 (247120K bytes) 
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0817000.
Preloaded mfs_root "/mfsroot" at 0xc0817084.
md0: Preloaded image </mfsroot> 4423680 bytes at 0xc03ddcd4

md1: Malloc disk
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard   
npx0: INT 16 interface   
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0
pcib1:<VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0
isa0: <iSA bus> on isab0
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0
uhci0 <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci
0
usb0: <VIA 83572 USB controller> on uhci0
usb0: USB revision 1.0
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr1
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
pci0: <unknown card> (vendor=0x1106, dev=0x3040) at 7.3
dc0: <ADMtek AN985 10/100BaseTX> port 0xe800-0xe8ff mem 0xdb000000-0xeb0003ff ir
q 11 at device 8.0 on pci0
dc0: Ethernet address: 00:04:5a:74:6b:b5
miibus0: <MII bus> on dc0
ukphy0: <Generic IEEE 802.3u media interface> on miibus0
ukphy0: 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, auto
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xec00-0xec1f irq 9 at device 10.
0 on pci0
ed0 address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit)
isa0: too many dependant configs (8)
isa0: unexpected small tag 14
orm0: <Option ROM> at iomem 0xc0000-0xc7fff on isa0
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0
atkbdc0: <Keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60,0x64 on isa0
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq1 on atkbdc0
kbd0 at atkbd0
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0
psm0: model Generic PS/@ mouse, device ID 0
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x100 on isa0
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300>
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
sio0: type 16550A
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0
sio1: type 16550A
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0
pppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master UDMA33
acd0: CD-RW <LITE-ON LTR-1210B> at ata1-slave PIO4
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/md0c
/stand/sysinstall running as init on vty0

                      User Confirmation Requested 
         Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot 
           (be sure to remove any floppies from the drives).

                            [ Yes ]    No

mfsroot.flp
kern.flp
                                 Message
 In the next menu, you will need to set up a DOS-style ("fdisk")
 partitioning scheme for your hard disk. If you simply wish to devote
 all disk space to FreeBSD (overwriting anything else that might be on
 the disk(s) selected) then use the (A)ll command to select the default
 partitioning scheme followed by a (Q)uit. If you wish to allocate only
 free space to FreeBSD, move to a partition marked "unused" and use the
 (C)reate command. 
                                [  OK  ] 

                      [ Press enter or space ]

ad0
ad2
ad1
ad0
ad1
ad1
ad1
ad2
ad1s1a
ad2
ad0
ad1
ad0
ad2
C:
unused
A
a
h
b
c
d
a
/
/
b
e
/var
/var
f
/usr
/usr
b
a
b
e
n
a
e
a
/
/dyskn
n
                                 Message
 Now, you need to create BSD partitions inside of the fdisk
 partition(s) just created. If you have a reasonable amount of disk
 space (200MB or more) and don't have any special requirements, simply
 use the (A)uto command to allocate space automatically. If you have
 more specific needs or just don't care for the layout chosen by
 (A)uto, press F1 for more information on manual layout.  

                                [  OK  ]
                          [ Press enter or space ]

Partition name
/tmp
/
/
a
/
M
G
C
Custom Newfs
Auto Defaults
Custom Newfs
Custom Newfs
/
/
/usr
X
                         User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection? 

 This will give you ready access to over 16,000 ported software packages,
 at a cost of around 440 MB of disk space when "clean" and possibly much
 more than that if a lot of the distribution tarballs are loaded
 (unless you have the extra CDs from a FreeBSD CD/DVD distribution
 available and can mount it on /cdrom, in which case this is far less
 of a problem). 

 The Ports Collection is a very valuable resource and well worth having
 on your /usr partition, so it is advisable to say Yes to this option. 

 For more information on the Ports Collection & the latest ports,
 visit: 
     http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports  

                              [ Yes ]     No

ftp.FreeBSD.org
foo.example.com
ftp@ftp.FreeBSD.org
ftp://foo.example.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD
/pub/FreeBSD
ftp.FreeBSD.org
foo.example.com
ftp.FreeBSD.org
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Last Chance! Are you SURE you want to continue the installation? 

 If you're running this on a disk with data you wish to save then WE
 STRONGLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO MAKE PROPER BACKUPS before proceeding! 

 We can take no responsibility for lost disk contents!  

                             [ Yes ]    No

                               Message 

Congratulations! You now have FreeBSD installed on your system. 

We will now move on to the final configuration questions. 
For any option you do not wish to configure, simply select No. 

If you wish to re-enter this utility after the system is up, you may
do so by typing: /stand/sysinstall .  

                                 [ OK ] 

                      [  Press enter to continue  ]

                                Message
Installation complete with some errors.  You may wish to scroll
through the debugging messages on VTY1 with the scroll-lock feature. 
You can also choose "No" at the next prompt and go back into the
installation menus to retry whichever operations have failed. 

                                 [ OK ]

sysinstall
/stand/sysinstall
                      User Confirmation Requested 
   Would you like to configure any Ethernet or SLIP/PPP network devices?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
       Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

                             User Confirmation Requested 
        Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

k6-2.example.com
example.com
208.163.10.2
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
255.255.255.0
ifconfig
                      User Confirmation Requested 
        Would you like to Bring Up the ed0 interface right now?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                       User Confirmation Requested 
       Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway?

                              [ Yes ]    No

                      User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides?

                               Yes   [ No ]

/etc/inetd.conf
                      User Confirmation Requested
The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet
services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd.  Enabling
these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing
the exposure of your system.

With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?

                             [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested
inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
which of its Internet services will be available.  The default FreeBSD
inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be
specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will
function, even once inetd(8) is enabled.  Note that services for
IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services.

Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to
use the current settings.

                             [ Yes ]   No

#
inetd.conf
                      User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine? 

                              Yes    [ No ]

This screen allows you to configure the anonymous FTP user.

The following configuration values are editable:

UID:     The user ID you wish to assign to the anonymous FTP user.
         All files uploaded will be owned by this ID.

Group:   Which group you wish the anonymous FTP user to be in.

Comment: String describing this user in /etc/passwd

FTP Root Directory:

        Where files available for anonymous FTP will be kept.

Upload subdirectory:

        Where files uploaded by anonymous FTP users will go.

/var
/usr
/usr/ftp
                          User Confirmation Requested 
         Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users?

                              [ Yes ]    No

ee
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server? 

                              Yes    [ No ]

exports
                               Message
Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an
/etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of
access to your local filesystems.
Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports
                               [ OK ]

exports
exports
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client? 

                              Yes   [ No ]

/etc/rc.conf
                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to select a default security profile for this host (select
 No for "medium" security)? 

                            [ Yes ]    No

                                 Message

Moderate security settings have been selected.

Sendmail and SSHd have been enabled, securelevels are
disabled, and NFS server setting have been left intact.
PLEASE NIETE that this still does not save you from having
to properly secure your system in other ways or exercise
due diligence in your administration, this simply picks
a standard set of out-of-box defaults to start with.

To change any of these settings later, edit /etc/rc.conf

                                  [OK]

                                 Message

Extreme security settings have been selected.

Sendmail, SSHd, and NFS services have been disabled, and
securelevels have been enabled.
PLEASE NIETE that this still does not save you from having
to properly secure your system in other ways or exercise
due diligence in your administration, this simply picks
a more secure set of out-of-box defaults to start with.

To change any of these settings later, edit /etc/rc.conf

                                  [OK]

                      User Confirmation Requested 
       Would you like to customize your system console settings?

                              [ Yes ]  No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
          Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Is this machine's CMOS clock set to UTC? If it is set to local time
 or you don't know, please choose NIE here! 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                            Confirmation 
            Does the abbreviation 'EDT' look reasonable?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
          Would you like to enable Linux binary compatibility?

                            [ Yes ]   No

                      User Confirmation Requested 
         Does this system have a non-USB mouse attached to it?

                            [ Yes ]    No

/etc/rc.conf
-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map

/.amd_mnt
log
syslogd
/host
/net
/etc/amd.map
net/pcnfsd
rpcbind
/var/db/statd.status
rwhod
root
x11/wrapper
                      User Confirmation Requested 
        Would you like to configure your X server at this time?

                            [ Yes ]   No

sysinstall
/stand/sysinstall
                                Message
 You have configured and been running the mouse daemon. 
 Choose "/dev/sysmouse" as the mouse port and "SysMouse" or
 "MouseSystems" as the mouse protocol in the X configuration utility. 

                                 [ OK ]

                      [ Press enter to continue ]

This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on menu selections you
make.

The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/etc/X11 or /etc/X11. A sample
XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is configured for a standard
VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. This program will ask for a
pathname when it is ready to write the file.

You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your
configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your
configuration and fine-tune it.

Before continuing with this program, make sure you know what video card
you have, and preferably also the chipset it uses and the amount of video
memory on your video card. SuperProbe may be able to help with this.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

/dev/sysmouse
First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list:

 1.  Microsoft compatible (2-button protocol)
 2.  Mouse Systems (3-button protocol) & FreeBSD moused protocol
 3.  Bus Mouse
 4.  PS/2 Mouse
 5.  Logitech Mouse (serial, old type, Logitech protocol)
 6.  Logitech MouseMan (Microsoft compatible)
 7.  MM Series
 8.  MM HitTablet
 9.  Microsoft IntelliMouse

If you have a two-button mouse, it is most likely of type 1, and if you have
a three-button mouse, it can probably support both protocol 1 and 2. There are
two main varieties of the latter type: mice with a switch to select the
protocol, and mice that default to 1 and require a button to be held at
boot-time to select protocol 2. Some mice can be convinced to do 2 by sending
a special sequence to the serial port (see the ClearDTR/ClearRTS options).

Enter a protocol number: 2

You have selected a Mouse Systems protocol mouse. If your mouse is normally
in Microsoft-compatible mode, enabling the ClearDTR and ClearRTS options
may cause it to switch to Mouse Systems mode when the server starts.

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to enable ClearDTR and ClearRTS? n

You have selected a three-button mouse protocol. It is recommended that you
do not enable Emulate3Buttons, unless the third button doesn't work.

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? y

Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example
/dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/mouse.
On FreeBSD, the default is /dev/sysmouse.

Mouse device: /dev/sysmouse

Please select one of the following keyboard types that is the better
description of your keyboard. If nothing really matches,
choose 1 (Generic 101-key PC)

  1  Generic 101-key PC                                
  2  Generic 102-key (Intl) PC                         
  3  Generic 104-key PC                                
  4  Generic 105-key (Intl) PC                         
  5  Dell 101-key PC                                   
  6  Everex STEPnote                                   
  7  Keytronic FlexPro                                 
  8  Microsoft Natural                                 
  9  Northgate OmniKey 101                             
 10  Winbook Model XP5                                 
 11  Japanese 106-key                                  
 12  PC-98xx Series                                    
 13  Brazilian ABNT2                                   
 14  HP Internet                                       
 15  Logitech iTouch                                   
 16  Logitech Cordless Desktop Pro                     
 17  Logitech Internet Keyboard                        
 18  Logitech Internet Navigator Keyboard              
 19  Compaq Internet                                   
 20  Microsoft Natural Pro                             
 21  Genius Comfy KB-16M                               
 22  IBM Rapid Access                                  
 23  IBM Rapid Access II                               
 24  Chicony Internet Keyboard                         
 25  Dell Internet Keyboard                            

Enter a number to choose the keyboard.

1

Please select the layout corresponding to your keyboard

  1  U.S. English                                      
  2  U.S. English w/ ISO9995-3                         
  3  U.S. English w/ deadkeys                          
  4  Albanian                                          
  5  Arabic                                            
  6  Armenian                                          
  7  Azerbaidjani                                      
  8  Belarusian                                        
  9  Belgian                                           
 10  Bengali                                           
 11  Brazilian                                         
 12  Bulgarian                                         
 13  Burmese                                           
 14  Canadian                                          
 15  Croatian                                          
 16  Czech                                             
 17  Czech (qwerty)                                    
 18  Danish                                            

Enter a number to choose the country.
Press enter for the next page

1

Please enter a variant name for 'us' layout. Or just press enter
for default variant

us

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to select additional XKB options (group switcher,
group indicator, etc.)? n

Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical
parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the
whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate,
which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed.

The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented
in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range.

It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal
sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt,
choose a conservative setting.

    hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes
 1  31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz
 2  31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
 3  31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
 4  31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
 5  31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz
 6  31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
 7  31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
 8  31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
 9  31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
10  31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
11  Enter your own horizontal sync range

Enter your choice (1-11): 6

You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes,
the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).

 1  50-70
 2  50-90
 3  50-100
 4  40-150
 5  Enter your own vertical sync range

Enter your choice: 2

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names.

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your monitor definition: Hitachi

Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can
choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions.
Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even
between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy
the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a
selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with
the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.

The database entries include information about the chipset, what driver to
run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the
Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what driver
to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested.

If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about.
You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as
your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a
GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of
hardware as can be).

Do you want to look at the card database? y

288  Matrox Millennium G200 8MB                        mgag200
289  Matrox Millennium G200 SD 16MB                    mgag200
290  Matrox Millennium G200 SD 4MB                     mgag200
291  Matrox Millennium G200 SD 8MB                     mgag200
292  Matrox Millennium G400                            mgag400
293  Matrox Millennium II 16MB                         mga2164w
294  Matrox Millennium II 4MB                          mga2164w
295  Matrox Millennium II 8MB                          mga2164w
296  Matrox Mystique                                   mga1064sg
297  Matrox Mystique G200 16MB                         mgag200
298  Matrox Mystique G200 4MB                          mgag200
299  Matrox Mystique G200 8MB                          mgag200
300  Matrox Productiva G100 4MB                        mgag100
301  Matrox Productiva G100 8MB                        mgag100
302  MediaGX                                           mediagx
303  MediaVision Proaxcel 128                          ET6000
304  Mirage Z-128                                      ET6000
305  Miro CRYSTAL VRX                                  Verite 1000

Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration.

288

Your selected card definition:

Identifier: Matrox Millennium G200 8MB
Chipset:    mgag200
Driver:     mga
Do NIET probe clocks or use any Clocks line.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for
the "Device" section of your video card in XF86Config.

You must indicate how much video memory you have. It is probably a good
idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected by the server you
intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the used server
not supporting the amount memory you have (e.g. ATI Mach64 is limited to
1024K with the SVGA server), specify the maximum amount supported by the
server.

How much video memory do you have on your video card:

 1  256K
 2  512K
 3  1024K
 4  2048K
 5  4096K
 6  Other

Enter your choice: 6

Amount of video memory in Kbytes: 8192

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names (possibly from a card definition).

Your card definition is Matrox Millennium G200 8MB.

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your video card definition:

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8-bit
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 16-bit
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
 4  The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice: 2

Select modes from the following list:

 1  "640x400"
 2  "640x480"
 3  "800x600"
 4  "1024x768"
 5  "1280x1024"
 6  "320x200"
 7  "320x240"
 8  "400x300"
 9  "1152x864"
 a  "1600x1200"
 b  "1800x1400"
 c  "512x384"

Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select.
For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a
default mode of 1024x768.

Which modes? 432

You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger
than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge
of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution,
you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a
differently-sized virtual screen

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen? n

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8-bit
"1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 16-bit
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

 1  Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
 2  Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
 3  Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
 4  The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice: 4

Please specify which color depth you want to use by default:

  1  1 bit (monochrome)                                
  2  4 bits (16 colors)                                
  3  8 bits (256 colors)                               
  4  16 bits (65536 colors)                            
  5  24 bits (16 million colors)                       

Enter a number to choose the default depth.

4

/etc/X11/XF86Config
I am going to write the XF86Config file now. Make sure you don't accidently
overwrite a previously configured one.

Shall I write it to /etc/X11/XF86Config? y

          User Confirmation Requested
The XFree86 configuration process seems to have
failed.  Would you like to try again?

             [ Yes ]         No

xf86cfg -textmode
xf86config
root
sysinstall
/stand/sysinstall
                     User Confirmation Requested
 The FreeBSD package collection is a collection of hundreds of
 ready-to-run applications, from text editors to games to WEB servers
 and more. Would you like to browse the collection now? 

                            [ Yes ]   No

root
root
                     User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to add any initial user accounts to the system? Adding
 at least one account for yourself at this stage is suggested since
 working as the "root" user is dangerous (it is easy to do things which
 adversely affect the entire system). 

                            [ Yes ]   No

/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/usr/local/bin/bash
/bin/tcsh
wheel
root
sysinstall
/stand/sysinstall
root
                        Message
 Now you must set the system manager's password.  
 This is the password you'll use to log in as "root". 

                         [ OK ] 

               [ Press enter to continue ]

root
Changing local password for root. 
New password : 
Retype new password :

sysinstall
/stand/sysinstall
                     User Confirmation Requested
 Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last
 options? 

                              Yes   [ No ]

                     User Confirmation Requested
 Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot (be sure to  
 remove any floppies from the drives). 

                            [ Yes ]   No

dmesg
rpratt
root
Copyright (c) 1992-2002 The FreeBSD Project. 
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
        The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 

Timecounter "i8254"  frequency 1193182 Hz
CPU: AMD-K6(tm) 3D processor (300.68-MHz 586-class CPU)
  Origin = "AuthenticAMD"  Id = 0x580  Stepping = 0
  Features=0x8001bf<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,MCE,CX8,MMX> 
  AMD Features=0x80000800<SYSCALL,3DNow!> 
real memory  = 268435456 (262144K bytes) 
config> di sn0 
config> di lnc0 
config> di le0 
config> di ie0 
config> di fe0 
config> di cs0 
config> di bt0  
config> di aic0 
config> di aha0 
config> di adv0 
config> q 
avail memory = 256311296 (250304K bytes)
Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0xc0491000. 
Preloaded userconfig_script "/boot/kernel.conf" at 0xc049109c. 
md0: Malloc disk 
Using $PIR table, 4 entries at 0xc00fde60
npx0: <math processor> on motherboard 
npx0: INT 16 interface 
pcib0: <Host to PCI bridge> on motherboard 
pci0: <PCI bus> on pcib0 
pcib1: <VIA 82C598MVP (Apollo MVP3) PCI-PCI (AGP) bridge> at device 1.0 on pci0 
pci1: <PCI bus> on pcib1 
pci1: <Matrox MGA G200 AGP graphics accelerator> at 0.0 irq 11 
isab0: <VIA 82C586 PCI-ISA bridge> at device 7.0 on pci0 
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0 
atapci0: <VIA 82C586 ATA33 controller> port 0xe000-0xe00f at device 7.1 on pci0 
ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 
ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 
uhci0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> port 0xe400-0xe41f irq 10 at device 7.2 on pci0 
usb0: <VIA 83C572 USB controller> on uhci0 
usb0: USB revision 1.0 
uhub0: VIA UHCI root hub, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1 
uhub0: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered 
chip1: <VIA 82C586B ACPI interface> at device 7.3 on pci0 
ed0: <NE2000 PCI Ethernet (RealTek 8029)> port 0xe800-0xe81f irq 9 at
device 10.0 on pci0 
ed0: address 52:54:05:de:73:1b, type NE2000 (16 bit) 
isa0: too many dependant configs (8) 
isa0: unexpected small tag 14 
fdc0: <NEC 72065B or clone> at port 0x3f0-0x3f5,0x3f7 irq 6 drq 2 on isa0
fdc0: FIFO enabled, 8 bytes threshold 
fd0: <1440-KB 3.5" drive> on fdc0 drive 0 
atkbdc0: <keyboard controller (i8042)> at port 0x60-0x64 on isa0 
atkbd0: <AT Keyboard> flags 0x1 irq 1 on atkbdc0 
kbd0 at atkbd0 
psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0 
psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0 
vga0: <Generic ISA VGA> at port 0x3c0-0x3df iomem 0xa0000-0xbffff on isa0
sc0: <System console> at flags 0x1 on isa0 
sc0: VGA <16 virtual consoles, flags=0x300> 
sio0 at port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0 
sio0: type 16550A 
sio1 at port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa0 
sio1: type 16550A 
ppc0: <Parallel port> at port 0x378-0x37f irq 7 on isa0 
ppc0: SMC-like chipset (ECP/EPP/PS2/NIBBLE) in COMPATIBLE mode 
ppc0: FIFO with 16/16/15 bytes threshold 
ppbus0: IEEE1284 device found /NIBBLE
Probing for PnP devices on ppbus0: 
plip0: <PLIP network interface> on ppbus0 
lpt0: <Printer> on ppbus0 
lpt0: Interrupt-driven port 
ppi0: <Parallel I/O> on ppbus0
ad0: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata0-master using UDMA33 
ad2: 8063MB <IBM-DHEA-38451> [16383/16/63] at ata1-master using UDMA33 
acd0: CDROM <DELTA OTC-H101/ST3 F/W by OIPD> at ata0-slave using PIO4 
Mounting root from ufs:/dev/ad0s1a 
swapon: adding /dev/ad0s1b as swap device 
Automatic boot in progress... 
/dev/ad0s1a: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1a: clean, 48752 free (552 frags, 6025 blocks, 0.9% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1f: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1f: clean, 128997 free (21 frags, 16122 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1g: FILESYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ad0s1g: clean, 3036299 free (43175 frags, 374073 blocks, 1.3% fragmentation)
/dev/ad0s1e: filesystem CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS 
/dev/ad0s1e: clean, 128193 free (17 frags, 16022 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
Doing initial network setup: hostname. 
ed0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
        inet6 fe80::5054::5ff::fede:731b%ed0 prefixlen 64 tentative scopeid 0x1
        ether 52:54:05:de:73:1b
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 16384 
        inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x8 
        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 
        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 
Additional routing options: IP gateway=TAK TCP keepalive=TAK
routing daemons:. 
additional daemons: syslogd. 
Doing additional network setup:. 
Starting final network daemons: creating ssh RSA host key 
Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. 
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub. 
The key fingerprint is: 
cd:76:89:16:69:0e:d0:6e:f8:66:d0:07:26:3c:7e:2d root@k6-2.example.com
 creating ssh DSA host key 
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key. 
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub. 
The key fingerprint is: 
f9:a1:a9:47:c4:ad:f9:8d:52:b8:b8:ff:8c:ad:2d:e6 root@k6-2.example.com.
setting ELF ldconfig path: /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat /usr/X11R6/lib
/usr/local/lib 
a.out ldconfig path: /usr/lib/aout /usr/lib/compat/aout /usr/X11R6/lib/aout 
starting standard daemons: inetd cron sshd usbd sendmail.
Initial rc.i386 initialization:. 
rc.i386 configuring syscons: blank_time screensaver moused. 
Additional ABI support: linux. 
Local package initialization:. 
Additional TCP options:. 

FreeBSD/i386 (k6-2.example.com) (ttyv0)

login: rpratt 
Password:

startx
>>>BOOT DKC0

>>> SET BOOT_OSFLAGS A
>>> SET BOOT_FILE ''
>>> SET BOOTDEF_DEV DKC0
>>> SET AUTO_ACTION BOOT

su
root
wheel
root
shutdown -h now
The operating system has halted. 
Please press any key to reboot.

HARDWARE.TXT
sc0
Q
tools
# mount_msdos /dev/ad0s1 /mnt

dmesg
mount
/dev/ad0s1
/dev/ad0s2
/dev/ad0s3
kern.flp
# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt

/mnt
# cd /mnt

boot.config
/boot/loader
-h
# echo "/boot/loader -h" > boot.config

# cd /
# umount /mnt

kern.flp
# cu -l /dev/cuaa0

cu
mfsroot.flp
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES-arch/version
arch
version
X
version-RELEASE-arch-miniinst.iso
version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso
version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso
X
version-RELEASE-arch-bootonly.iso
version-RELEASE-arch-miniinst.iso
version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso
version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso
/cdrom
# mount /cdrom

/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent

/etc/inetd.conf
nasz.komputer
bin
FORMAT
A:
bsdlabel
newfs
# fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
# bsdlabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
# newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0

fd0.1200
floppy5
a:\bin\bin.aa
a:\bin\bin.ab
freebsd
c:\freebsd
xcopy
C:\> md c:\freebsd
C:\> xcopy e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ /s
C:\> xcopy e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ /s

C:
E:
c:\freebsd
BIN
# cd /freebsd/distdir
# tar cvf /dev/rwt0 dist1 ... dist2

dial
set log local ...
NFS Secure
NFS Slow
ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
ziggy
/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
/usr
/usr/archive/stuff
/etc/exports
Additional ABI support:.
Local package initialization:.
Additional TCP options:.

Fri Sep 20 13:01:06 EEST 2002

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

login:

FreeBSD/i386 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)

pc3.example.org
ttyv0
login:

login:

janek
janek
login: janek
Password:

janka
#
$
%
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
#
ttyv
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
ttyv0   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
# Virtual terminals
ttyv1   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv2   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure
ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure

/etc/ttys
console
# name  getty                           type    status          comments
#
# If console is marked "insecure", then init will ask for the root password
# when going to single-user mode.
console none                            unknown off secure

console
secure
insecure
root
insecure
root
---
--x
-w-
-wx
r--
r-x
rw-
rwx
ls -l
% ls -l
total 530
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 myfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel     512 Sep  5 12:31 otherfile
-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel    7680 Sep  5 12:31 email.txt
...

ls -l
-rw-r--r--

-
rw-
r--
r--
644
/dev
PLIKU
% chmod go= PLIK

PLIKU
% chmod go-w,a+x PLIK

root
plik1
# chflags sunlink plik1

# chflags nosunlink plik1

# ls -lo plik1

-rw-r--r--  1 trhodes  trhodes  sunlnk 0 Mar  1 05:54 plik1

root
/usr
/var
/tmp
/mnt
/cdrom
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
/
/bin/
/boot/
/boot/defaults/
/dev/
/etc/
/etc/defaults/
/etc/mail/
/etc/namedb/
named
/etc/periodic/
/etc/ppp/
ppp
/mnt/
/proc/
/rescue/
/root/
root
/sbin/
/stand/
/tmp/
/tmp
/tmp
/etc/fstab
/usr/
/usr/bin/
/usr/include/
/usr/lib/
/usr/libdata/
/usr/libexec/
/usr/local/
/usr/local
/usr
/usr/local
/usr/local/share
share/doc/port
/usr/obj/
/usr/src
/usr/ports
/usr/sbin/
/usr/share/
/usr/src/
/usr/X11R6/
/var/
/etc/fstab
/var/log/
/var/mail/
/var/spool/
/var/tmp/
/var/yp
readme.txt
README.TXT
.txt
/
foo
bar
readme.txt
foo/bar/readme.txt
\
:
c:/foo/bar/readme.txt
/
A
B
C
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
A
ls
A1
A2
B
A1
B
A1
B
B1
B2
/A1/B1
/A1/B2
/A1
B
A
B
A2
/A2/B1
/A2/B2
C
B1
B
C
A
A1
join
/home
a
h
a
b
c
c
d
d
d
s
a
h
s
ad
da
acd
cd
fd
ad0s1a
a
s1
ad0
da1s2e
e
s2
da1
C:
a
e
/var
f
/usr
/
/dev
/usr
/usr/local
/var
log/
spool/
/var
/
fstab
/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
urządzenie       /punkt-montowania typ     opcje      archiwizacja     nr-przebiegu

urządzenie
punkt-montowania
typ
ufs
opcje
archiwizacja
nr-przebiegu
nr-przebiegu
nr-przebiegu
nr-przebiegu
/etc/fstab
mount
# mount urządzenie punkt-montowania

/etc/fstab
typ
umount
init
init
ps
top
ps
% ps
  PID  TT  STAT      TIME COMMAND
  298  p0  Ss     0:01.10 tcsh
 7078  p0  S      2:40.88 xemacs mdoc.xsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
37393  p0  I      0:03.11 xemacs freebsd.dsl (xemacs-21.1.14)
48630  p0  S      2:50.89 /usr/local/lib/netscape-linux/navigator-linux-4.77.bi
48730  p0  IW     0:00.00 (dns helper) (navigator-linux-)
72210  p0  R+     0:00.00 ps
  390  p1  Is     0:01.14 tcsh
 7059  p2  Is+    1:36.18 /usr/local/bin/mutt -y
 6688  p3  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
10735  p4  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
20256  p5  IWs    0:00.00 tcsh
  262  v0  IWs    0:00.00 -tcsh (tcsh)
  270  v0  IW+    0:00.00 /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx -- -bpp 16
  280  v0  IW+    0:00.00 xinit /home/nik/.xinitrc -- -bpp 16
  284  v0  IW     0:00.00 /bin/sh /home/nik/.xinitrc
  285  v0  S      0:38.45 /usr/X11R6/bin/sawfish

PID
TT
STAT
TIME
COMMAND
auxww
% top
last pid: 72257;  load averages:  0.13,  0.09,  0.03    up 0+13:38:33  22:39:10
47 processes:  1 running, 46 sleeping
CPU states: 12.6% user,  0.0% nice,  7.8% system,  0.0% interrupt, 79.7% idle
Mem: 36M Active, 5256K Inact, 13M Wired, 6312K Cache, 15M Buf, 408K Free
Swap: 256M Total, 38M Used, 217M Free, 15% Inuse

  PID USERNAME PRI NICE  SIZE    RES STATE    TIME   WCPU    CPU COMMAND
72257 nik       28   0  1960K  1044K RUN      0:00 14.86%  1.42% top
 7078 nik        2   0 15280K 10960K select   2:54  0.88%  0.88% xemacs-21.1.14
  281 nik        2   0 18636K  7112K select   5:36  0.73%  0.73% XF86_SVGA
  296 nik        2   0  3240K  1644K select   0:12  0.05%  0.05% xterm
48630 nik        2   0 29816K  9148K select   3:18  0.00%  0.00% navigator-linu
  175 root       2   0   924K   252K select   1:41  0.00%  0.00% syslogd
 7059 nik        2   0  7260K  4644K poll     1:38  0.00%  0.00% mutt
...

named
httpd
lpd
sendmail
maild
root
SIGSEGV
SIGALRM
SIGTERM
SIGKILL
SIGTERM
SIGKILL
SIGKILL
SIGHUP
SIGUSR1
SIGUSR2
httpd
SIGHUP
httpd
SIGHUP
SIGHUP
inetd
/etc/inetd.conf
SIGHUP
root
% ps -ax | grep inetd
  198  ??  IWs    0:00.00 inetd -wW

grep inetd
root
% su
Password:
# /bin/kill -s HUP 198

kill: PID: Operation not
permitted
kill: PID: No
such process
/bin/kill
kill
/bin/kill
/bin/kill ...
TERM
KILL
/bin/kill -s KILL 1
sh
tcsh
zsh
bash
tcsh
bash
foobar
foo.bar
foo.bar
rm fo[Tab].[Tab]
rm foo[BIIP].bar
foobar
foo.bar
fo
foo
.
USER
PATH
DISPLAY
SHELL
TERM
TERMCAP
OSTYPE
MACHTYPE
EDITOR
PAGER
MANPATH
tcsh
csh
setenv
sh
bash
export
EDITOR
/usr/local/bin/emacs
csh
tcsh
% setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs

% export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs"

$
echo $TERM
$TERM
$TERM
echo
*
echo *
ls
echo
*
\
echo $TERM
echo \$TERM
$TERM
chsh
EDITOR
vi
chsh
bash
% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash

/etc/shells
bash
/usr/local/bin
# echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells

chsh
ee plik
plik
/etc/rc.conf
ee /etc/rc.conf
ee
^
^e
editors/emacs
editors/vim
/var/run/dmesg.boot
acd0
kbd0
/dev
DEVFS
DEVFS
DEVFS
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
a.out
GENERIC
a.out
man
% man polecenie

polecenie
ls
% man ls

chmod
man
% man 1 chmod

chmod
chmod
man
% man -k mail

apropos
/usr/bin
% cd /usr/bin
% man -f *

% cd /usr/bin
% whatis *

info
info
% info

h
?
INSTALL
README
doc/
Makefile
configure
pkg_add
pkg_add
ghostscript
ghostscript-nox11
security/portaudit
portaudit -F -a
whereis plik
plik
# whereis lsof
lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

lsof
/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
/usr/ports
make search
name=nazwa-programu
program-name
lsof
# cd /usr/ports
# make search name=lsof
Port:   lsof-4.56.4
Path:   /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof
Info:   Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1))
Maint:  obrien@FreeBSD.org
Index:  sysutils
B-deps: 
R-deps:

make search key=zwrot
zwrot
# ftp -a ftp2.FreeBSD.org
Connected to ftp2.FreeBSD.org.
220 ftp2.FreeBSD.org FTP server (Version 6.00LS) ready.
331 Guest login ok, send your email address as password.
230-
230-     This machine is in Vienna, VA, USA, hosted by Verio.
230-         Questions? E-mail freebsd@vienna.verio.net.
230-
230-
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd /pub/FreeBSD/ports/packages/sysutils/
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> get lsof-4.56.4.tgz
local: lsof-4.56.4.tgz remote: lsof-4.56.4.tgz
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'lsof-4.56.4.tgz' (92375 bytes).
100% |**************************************************| 92375       00:00 ETA
226 Transfer complete.
92375 bytes received in 5.60 seconds (16.11 KB/s)
ftp> exit
# pkg_add lsof-4.56.4.tgz

# pkg_add -r lsof

PACKAGESITE
FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
FTP_PROXY
FTP_PASSWORD
lsof
lsof-4.56.4
PACKAGESITE
ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-5.4-release/Latest/
PACKAGESITE
ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-5-stable/Latest/
.tgz
.tbz
/packages
/usr/ports
All
# pkg_info
cvsup-16.1          A general network file distribution system optimized for CV
docbook-1.2         Meta-port for the different versions of the DocBook DTD
...

# pkg_version
cvsup                       =
docbook                     =
...

# pkg_delete xchat-1.7.1

/var/db/pkg
make
Makefiles
/usr/ports
/usr/ports
net/cvsup-without-gui
# pkg_add -r cvsup-without-gui

cvsup
# cvsup -L 2 -h cvsup.FreeBSD.org /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile

cvsup.FreeBSD.org
ports-supfile
root
/usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile
/root
ports-supfile
CHANGE_THIS.FreeBSD.org
cvsup
# cvsup -L 2 /root/ports-supfile

sysutils/portsnap
# pkg_add -r portsnap

/usr/ports
# mkdir /usr/ports

/var/db/portsnap
# portsnap fetch

/usr/ports
# portsnap extract

/usr/ports
# portsnap update

sysinstall
root
/stand/sysinstall
# sysinstall

Makefile
distinfo
files
pkg-descr
pkg-plist
pkg-message
root
security/portaudit
portaudit -F
/usr/ports/distfiles
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof

lsof
make
# make
>> lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz doesn't seem to exist in /usr/ports/distfiles/.
>> Attempting to fetch from ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/.
===>  Extracting for lsof-4.57
...
[extraction output snipped]
...
>> Checksum OK for lsof_4.57D.freebsd.tar.gz.
===>  Patching for lsof-4.57
===>  Applying FreeBSD patches for lsof-4.57
===>  Configuring for lsof-4.57
...
[configure output snipped]
...
===>  Building for lsof-4.57
...
[compilation output snipped]
...
#

make
install
# make install
===>  Installing for lsof-4.57
...
[installation output snipped]
...
===>   Generating temporary packing list
===>   Compressing manual pages for lsof-4.57
===>   Registering installation for lsof-4.57
===>  SECURITY NOTE: 
      This port has installed the following binaries which execute with
      increased privileges.
#

# make clean
===>  Cleaning for lsof-4.57
#

make install clean
make
make install
make clean
PATH
rehash
tcsh
sh
hash -r
/cdrom
CD_MOUNTPTS
FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
FTP_PROXY
FTP_PASSWORD
make fetch
/usr/ports
/usr/ports/net
fetch
fetch-recursive
make
make fetch
MASTER_SITES
MASTER_SITES
# cd /usr/ports/directory
# make MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE= \
ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/ fetch

MASTER_SITES
ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/
www/mozilla
security/gpgme
mail/sylpheed-claws
WRKDIRPREFIX
PREFIX
# make WRKDIRPREFIX=/usr/home/example/ports install

/usr/home/example/ports
/usr/local
# make PREFIX=/usr/home/example/local install

/usr/ports
/usr/home/example/local
# make WRKDIRPREFIX=../ports PREFIX=../local install

imake
imake
PREFIX
/usr/X11R6
PREFIX
PREFIX
lsof
# pkg_delete lsof-4.57

# pkg_version -v

/usr/ports/UPDATING
/usr/ports/UPDATING
UPDATING
sysutils/portupgrade
make install clean
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade
# make install clean

pkgdb -F
portupgrade -a
# portupgrade -ai

portupgrade nazwa_programu
# portupgrade -R firefox

PKG_PATH
# portupgrade -PR gnome2

sysutils/portmanager
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portmanager
# make install clean

# portmanager -u

make install clean
# portmanager x11/gnome2

# portmanager graphics/gimp -f

work
make clean
# portsclean -C

distfiles
# portsclean -D

# portsclean -DD

portsclean
sysutils/pkg_cutleaves
# pkg_info -L foopackage-1.0.0 | less

man/
etc/
doc/
# pkg_info | grep -i foopackage

foopackage
foopackage
# pkg_info foopackage-1.0.0

WWW:
/usr/local/etc/rc.d
Makefile
make maintainer
Makefile
$FreeBSD:
ftp.FreeBSD.org
x11-wm
# cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg
# make install clean

# cd /usr/ports/x11/XFree86-4
# make install clean

# pkg_add -r xorg

# pkg_add -r XFree86

/usr/ports/UPDATING
sysutils/portupgrade
/etc/make.conf
X_WINDOW_SYSTEM=xorg
XFREE86_VERSION
X_WINDOW_SYSTEM
# pkg_delete -f /var/db/pkg/imake-4* /var/db/pkg/XFree86-*
# cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg
# make install clean
# pkgdb -F

# Xorg -configure

# XFree86 -configure

/root
xorg.conf.new
$HOME
XF86Config.new
# Xorg -config xorg.conf.new

# XFree86 -xf86config XF86Config.new

xorg.conf.new
XF86Config.new
xorg.conf.new
"Monitor"
Section "Monitor"
        Identifier   "Monitor0"
        VendorName   "Monitor Vendor"
        ModelName    "Monitor Model"
        HorizSync    30-107
        VertRefresh  48-120
EndSection

HorizSync
VertRefresh
HorizSync
VertRefresh
        Option       "DPMS"

xorg.conf.new
XF86Config.new
"Screen"
Section "Screen"
        Identifier "Screen0"
        Device     "Card0"
        Monitor    "Monitor0"
        DefaultDepth 24
        SubSection "Display"
                Viewport  0 0
                Depth     24
                Modes     "1024x768"
        EndSubSection
EndSection

DefaultDepth
Modes
/var/log/Xorg.0.log
XFree86.0.log
Xorg.0.log
Xorg.8.log
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
/usr/X11R6/etc/X11/xorg.conf
/etc/X11/XF86Config
/usr/X11R6/etc/X11/XF86Config
# cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf

# cp XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config

x11/wrapper
xorgcfg -textmode
agpgart
/boot/loader.conf
fbPictureInit
Driver "i810"
Option "NoDDC"

x11-fonts/urwfonts
x11-fonts/freefonts
# cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts
# make install clean

/etc/X11/
xorg.conf
XF86Config
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW/"

% xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/URW
% xset fp rehash

~/.xinitrc
startx
~/.xsession
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
"Module"
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
/etc/X11/XF86Config
Load  "freetype"

x11-servers/Xfstt
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
fonts.dir
ttmkfdir
x11-fonts/ttmkfdir
# cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
# ttmkfdir > fonts.dir

% xset fp+ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
% xset fp rehash

FontPath
xorg.conf
XF86Config
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/
~/.fonts/
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
<fontconfig>
      <?xml version="1.0"?>
      <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
      <fontconfig>

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/
~/.fonts/
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
<dir>/path/to/my/fonts</dir>

# fc-cache -f

        <match target="font">
            <test name="size" compare="less">
                <double>14</double>
            </test>
            <edit name="antialias" mode="assign">
                <bool>false</bool>
            </edit>
        </match>
        <match target="font">
            <test name="pixelsize" compare="less" qual="any">
                <double>14</double>
            </test>
            <edit mode="assign" name="antialias">
                <bool>false</bool>
            </edit>
        </match>

       <match target="pattern" name="family">
           <test qual="any" name="family">
               <string>fixed</string>
           </test>
           <edit name="family" mode="assign">
               <string>mono</string>
           </edit>
        </match>
        <match target="pattern" name="family">
            <test qual="any" name="family">
                <string>console</string>
            </test>
            <edit name="family" mode="assign">
                <string>mono</string>
            </edit>
        </match>

"mono"
         <match target="pattern" name="family">
             <test qual="any" name="family">
                 <string>mono</string>
             </test>
             <edit name="spacing" mode="assign">
                 <int>100</int>
             </edit>
         </match>     

local.conf
         <match target="pattern" name="family">
             <test qual="any" name="family">
                 <string>Helvetica</string>
             </test>
             <edit name="family" mode="assign">
                 <string>sans-serif</string>
             </edit>
         </match>       

local.conf
</fontconfig>
x11-fonts/bitstream-vera
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf-vera
/usr/X11R6/etc/fonts/local.conf
.fonts.conf
~/.fonts.conf
local.conf
         <match target="font">
             <test qual="all" name="rgba">
                 <const>unknown</const>
             </test>
             <edit name="rgba" mode="assign">
                 <const>rgb</const>
             </edit>
         </match>

rgb
bgr
vrgb
vbgr
-DWITHOUT_XFT
/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm
root
/etc/ttys
/etc/ttys
ttyv8   "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon"  xterm   off secure

off
on
ttyv8
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm
Xaccess
Xresources
Xservers
Xsession
Xsetup_
xdm-config
xdm-errors
xdm-pid
xdm-config
~/.xsession
Xsetup_
Xsetup_0
xconsole

Nazwa urządzenia	IRQ	Port(y) we/wy	Uwagi
Pierwszy dysk twardy	brak	brak	40 GB, firmy Seagate, IDE 1 master
CDROM	brak	brak	IDE 1 slave
Drugi dysk twardy	brak	brak	20 GB, firmy IBM, IDE 2 master
Kontroler IDE	14	0x1f0
Karta sieciowa	brak	brak	Intel® 10/100
Modem	brak	brak	3Com® 56K faxmodem na COM1
...

Partycja	System plików	Rozmiar	Opis
`a`	`/`	100 MB	Będzie to główny system plików. Wszystkie inne systemy plików będą zamontowane gdzieś wewnątrz niego. 100 MB jest dość rozsądnym rozmiarem dla tego celu. Nie będzie tu przechowywane zbyt wiele danych, zwykle po instalacji FreeBSD umieszcza tu około 40 MB danych. Pozostałe miejsce jest dla danych tymczasowych, oraz służy jako zapas, gdyby kolejne wersje FreeBSD potrzebowały więcej miejsca w `/`.
`b`	brak	2-3 x RAM	Partycja ta służy jako przestrzeń wymiany. Wybór jej odpowiedniego rozmiaru nie jest sprawą banalną. Możemy przyjąć, że przestrzeń wymiany powinna być dwu- lub trzykrotnie większa niż ilość pamięci fizycznej (RAM). Prócz tego powinniśmy mieć co najmniej 64 MB przestrzeni wymiany, więc jeżeli nasz komputer ma mniej niż 32 MB pamięci, ustawmy rozmiar przestrzeni wymiany na 64 MB. Jeśli dysponujemy kilkoma dyskami, możemy na każdym z nich umieścić przestrzeń wymiany. FreeBSD będzie w procesie wymiany wykorzystywać każdy z dysków, dzięki czemu wymiana będzie się odbywać szybciej. W takim przypadku przyjmujemy całkowity rozmiar potrzebnej przestrzeni wymiany (np. 128 MB) i dzielimy go przez liczbę posiadanych dysków (np. dwa dyski), otrzymując w wyniku rozmiar przestrzeni wymiany dla jednego dysku. W naszym przykładzie będzie to 64 MB na każdy dysk.
`e`	`/var`	50 MB	W katalogu `/var` przechowywane są pliki o zmiennych rozmiarach; pliki dzienników systemowych i inne pliki administracyjne. Podczas codziennej pracy FreeBSD na wielu z tych plików dokonywane są częste operacje odczytu lub zapisu. Dzięki umieszczeniu ich w oddzielnym systemie plików FreeBSD może dokonać optymalizacji dostępu do nich, nie wywierając jednocześnie wpływu na inne pliki, do których dostęp przebiega inaczej.
`f`	`/usr`	Reszta dysku	Inne pliki będą zwykle przechowywane w katalogu `/usr` i jego podkatalogach.

Partycja	System plików	Rozmiar	Opis
`b`	brak	Patrz: opis	Jak już powiedzieliśmy, przestrzeń wymiany możemy dzielić między kilka dysków. Mimo, iż mamy do dyspozycji partycję `a`, zgodnie z obowiązującą konwencją przestrzeń wymiany powinna znajdować się na partycji `b`.
`e`	/dysk`n`	Reszta dysku	Pozostała część dysku zajmowana jest przez jedną dużą partycję. Mogłaby to z powodzeniem być partycja `a`, zamiast `e`. Przyjęto jednak, że partycja `a` zarezerwowana jest dla głównego systemu plików (`/`). Nie ma przymusu stosowania tej zasady, jednak sysinstall jej przestrzega, dobrze więc jest ją stosować dla zachowania porządku podczas instalacji. System plików możemy zamontować w dowolnym miejscu, w przykładzie zaproponowano `/dyskn`, gdzie `n` jest kolejnym numerem każdego dysku. Można jednak wybrać inne nazewnictwo według uznania..

Nazwa pliku	Zawartość
`version-RELEASE-arch-miniinst.iso`	Wszystko, co jest potrzebne do zainstalowania FreeBSD.
`version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso`	Wszystko, co jest potrzebne do zainstalowania FreeBSD, i tyle dodatkowych pakietów, ile zmieściło się na płycie.
`version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso`	“Żywy system plików”, używany wraz z dostępną w sysinstall funkcją “Repair” (naprawa). Kopia drzewa CVS FreeBSD. Dodatkowe pakiety o charakterze niezależnym.

Nazwa pliku	Zawartość
`version-RELEASE-arch-bootonly.iso`	Wszystko co jest niezbędne by uruchomić jądro FreeBSD i rozpocząć instalację. Pliki instalacyjne zostaną probrane z serwera FTP bądź innego źródła.
`version-RELEASE-arch-miniinst.iso`	Wszystko, co jest potrzebne do zainstalowania FreeBSD.
`version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso`	Wszystko co jest potrzebne by zainstalować FreeBSD jako “żywy system plików” używany wraz z dostępną w sysinstall funkcją “Repair” (naprawa).
`version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso`	Dokumentacja FreeBSD i tyle dodatkowych pakietów, ile zmieściło się na płycie.

	Extreme	Medium
sendmail(8)	NIE	TAK
sshd(8)	NIE	TAK
portmap(8)	NIE	MOŻE [a]
serwer NFS	NIE	TAK
securelevel(8)	TAK [b]	NIE
Przypisy: a. Portmapper jest włączony, jeśli na wcześniejszym etapie instalacji komputer został skonfigurowany jako klient lub serwer NFS. b. Wybierając profil zabezpieczeń, który powoduje ustawienie securelevel na “Extreme” lub “High”, powinniśmy pamiętać o konsekwencjach. Warto przeczytać dokumentację systemową init(8) i zwrócić szczególną uwagę na znaczenie poziomów bezpieczeństwa, by uniknąć późniejszych kłopotów!

Wartość	Uprawnienia	Symbol
0	Odczyt: nie, zapis: nie, wykonywanie: nie	`---`
1	Odczyt: nie, zapis: nie, wykonywanie: tak	`--x`
2	Odczyt: nie, zapis: tak, wykonywanie: nie	`-w-`
3	Odczyt: nie, zapis: tak, wykonywanie: tak	`-wx`
4	Odczyt: tak, zapis: nie, wykonywanie: nie	`r--`
5	Odczyt: tak, zapis: nie, wykonywanie: tak	`r-x`
6	Odczyt: tak, zapis: tak, wykonywanie: nie	`rw-`
7	Odczyt: tak, zapis: tak, wykonywanie: tak	`rwx`

Opcja	Litera	Znaczenie
(kto)	u	Użytkownik (właściciel)
(kto)	g	Grupa
(kto)	o	Inni
(kto)	a	Wszyscy (“świat”)
(akcja)	+	Dodanie uprawnień
(akcja)	-	Usunięcie uprawnień
(akcja)	=	Ustawienie uprawnień
(uprawnienia)	r	Odczyt
(uprawnienia)	w	Zapis
(uprawnienia)	x	Wykonywanie
(uprawnienia)	t	Bit “lepki”
(uprawnienia)	s	Ustawienie UID lub GID

Katalog	Opis
`/`	Główny katalog systemu plików.
`/bin/`	Programy użytkowe wykorzystywane zarówno w trybie jednego użytkownika, jak i w trybie wielu użytkowników.
`/boot/`	Programy i pliki konfiguracyjne używane podczas uruchamiania systemu.
`/boot/defaults/`	Pliki z domyślną konfiguracją uruchamiania systemu; patrz loader.conf(5).
`/dev/`	Pliki urządzeń; patrz intro(4).
`/etc/`	Pliki i skrypty konfiguracyjne.
`/etc/defaults/`	Pliki z domyślną konfiguracją systemu; patrz rc(8).
`/etc/mail/`	Pliki konfiguracyjne dla serwerów poczty, na przykład sendmail(8).
`/etc/namedb/`	Pliki konfiguracyjne programu `named`; patrz named(8).
`/etc/periodic/`	Skrypty uruchamiane raz dziennie, raz na tydzień i raz na miesiąc za pośrednictwem cron(8); patrz periodic(8).
`/etc/ppp/`	Pliki konfiguracyjne `ppp`; patrz ppp(8).
`/mnt/`	Pusty katalog, najczęściej wykorzystywany przez administratorów jako tymczasowy punkt montowania..
`/proc/`	System plików procesów, patrz procfs(5), mount_procfs(8).
`/rescue/`	Katalog zawierający programy przydatne w przypadku awarii; patrz rescue(8).
`/root/`	Katalog domowy użytkownika `root`.
`/sbin/`	Programy i narzędzia administracyjne wykorzystywane zarówno w trybie jednego użytkownika, jak i w trybie wielu użytkowników.
`/stand/`	Programy używane w samodzielnym środowisku.
`/tmp/`	Pliki tymczasowe. Zawartość katalogu `/tmp` NIE JEST zachowywana przy ponownym uruchamianiu systemu. Również pamięciowy system plików jest często montowany w katalogu `/tmp`. Proces ten może zostać zautomatyzowany wykorzystując zmienne rc.conf(5) związane z tmpmfs (bądź za pomocą wpisu w `/etc/fstab`; patrz mdmfs(8)).
`/usr/`	Większość programów i aplikacji wykorzystywanych przez użytkowników.
`/usr/bin/`	Najczęściej używane programy, narzędzia programistyczne, aplikacje.
`/usr/include/`	Pliki nagłówkowe C.
`/usr/lib/`	Biblioteki.
`/usr/libdata/`	Pliki danych różnych programów użytkowych.
`/usr/libexec/`	Demony i programy systemowe (uruchamiane przez inne programy).
`/usr/local/`	Lokalne programy, biblioteki, itp. Ponadto jest to domyślny katalog dla instalowanych portów. Ogólna struktura katalogów wewnątrz `/usr/local` powinna odpowiadać strukturze `/usr` opisanej w dokumentacji hier(7). Wyjątkiem jest katalog man, umieszczony bezpośrednio w `/usr/local`, a nie w `/usr/local/share`, oraz dokumentacja portów, znajdująca się w `share/doc/port`.
`/usr/obj/`	Pliki zależne od architektury komputera, tworzone w procesie budowania drzewa `/usr/src`.
`/usr/ports`	Kolekcja portów FreeBSD (opcjonalna).
`/usr/sbin/`	Demony i programy systemowe (dostępne dla użytkowników).
`/usr/share/`	Pliki niezależne od architektury systemu.
`/usr/src/`	Pliki źródłowe BSD, lokalne pliki źródłowe.
`/usr/X11R6/`	Pliki wykonywalne, biblioteki, i inne pliki dystrybucji X11R6 (opcjonalnie).
`/var/`	Rozmaite pliki dzienników systemowych, pliki tymczasowe, pliki kolejek. Również pamięciowy system plików jest często montowany w tym katalogu. Proces ten może zostać zautomatyzowany wykorzystując zmienne rc.conf(5) związane z varmfs (bądź za pomocą wpisu w `/etc/fstab`; patrz mdmfs(8)).
`/var/log/`	Pliki dzienników systemowych.
`/var/mail/`	Skrzynki pocztowe użytkowników.
`/var/spool/`	Katalogi kolejek systemu drukowania i poczty.
`/var/tmp/`	Pliki tymczasowe nie usuwane przy ponownym uruchamianiu systemu.
`/var/yp`	Mapy usługi NIS.

Patrycja	Konwencja
`a`	Zwykle zawiera główny system plików
`b`	Zwykle zawiera przestrzeń wymiany
`c`	Zwykle jest tego samego rozmiaru, co obejmujący ją segment. Dzięki temu programy działające na całym segmencie (na przykład wykrywające uszkodzone obszary dysku) mogą działać na partycji `c`. Zwykle nie tworzy się na tej partycji systemu plików.
`d`	Swego czasu partycja `d` miała specjalne znaczenie, obecnie już go nie ma. Do dziś jednak niektóre programy mogą dziwnie się zachowywać, jeśli każe im się pracować na partycji `d`, dlatego też sysinstall zwykle w ogóle jej nie tworzy.

Oznaczenie	Znaczenie
`ad`	Dysk ATAPI (IDE)
`da`	Dysk SCSI o dostępie bezpośrednim
`acd`	CDROM ATAPI (IDE)
`cd`	CDROM SCSI
`fd`	Stacja dyskietek

Nazwa	Znaczenie
`ad0s1a`	Pierwsza partycja (`a`) w pierwszym segmencie (`s1`) na pierwszym dysku IDE (`ad0`).
`da1s2e`	Piąta partycja `e` w drugim segmencie (`s2`) na drugim dysku SCSI (`da1`).

Zmienna	Opis
`USER`	Nazwa aktualnie zalogowanego użytkownika.
`PATH`	Lista katalogów zawierających pliki wykonywalne oddzielona przecinkami.
`DISPLAY`	Nazwa ekranu X11, jeśli takowy jest dostępny.
`SHELL`	Wykorzystywana powłoka.
`TERM`	Nazwa terminala użytkownika, wykorzystywana do określenia właściwości terminala.
`TERMCAP`	Zapis z bazy termcap zawierający sekwencje kodów odpowiadających różnym funkcjom terminala.
`OSTYPE`	Typ systemu operacyjnego, np. FreeBSD.
`MACHTYPE`	Architektura sprzętowa, na jakiej działa system.
`EDITOR`	Preferowany przez użytkownika edytor tekstu.
`PAGER`	Preferowany przez użytkownika program wyświetlający pliki tekstowe.
`MANPATH`	Lista katalogów zawierających dokumentację systemową oddzielona przecinkami.

Symbol	Znaczenie
=	Wersja odnaleziona w portach jest identyczna./entry>
<	Wersja jest starsza, niż ta odnaleziona w portach.
>	Zainstalowana wersja jest nowsza, niż znaleziona w portach. (Prawdopodobnie lokalne drzewo portów nie zostało zaktualizowane.)
?	Zainstalowany pakiet nie może zostać odnaleziony w drzewie portów. (Może to mieć miejsce np. w sytuacji gdy zainstalowany port został usunięty z kolekcji portów, bądź zmienił nazwę.)
*	Istnieje wiele wersji tego programu.

File	Description
`Xaccess`	Client authorization ruleset.
`Xresources`	Default X resource values.
`Xservers`	List of remote and local displays to manage.
`Xsession`	Default session script for logins.
`Xsetup_`*	Script to launch applications before the login interface.
`xdm-config`	Global configuration for all displays running on this machine.
`xdm-errors`	Errors generated by the server program.
`xdm-pid`	The process ID of the currently running XDM.

Projekt Dokumentacji FreeBSD

Przedmowa

Docelowy czytelnik

Zmiany od wydania drugiego

Zmiany od wydania pierwszego

Układ książki

Konwencje użyte w tej książce

Konwencje typograficzne

Zadania użytkownika

Przykłady

Podziękowania

I. Pierwsze kroki

Rozdział 1. Wprowadzenie

Rozdział 2. Instalacja FreeBSD

Rozdział 3. Podstawy Uniksa

Rozdział 4. Instalacja programów: pakiety i porty