From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 05:56:22 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id FAA00201 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 05:56:22 -0700 Received: from nanolon.gun.de (nanolon.gun.de [192.109.159.5]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id FAA00195 for ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 05:56:18 -0700 Received: (from uucp@localhost) by nanolon.gun.de (8.6.8.1/8.6.6) with UUCP id NAA28875; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:55:28 +0100 Received: from knobel.gun.de (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by knobel.gun.de (8.6.12/8.6.12) with SMTP id MAA02843; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 12:47:10 +0100 Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 12:47:10 +0100 (MET) From: Andreas Klemm To: Ollivier Robert cc: Sean Kelly , jfieber@indiana.edu, doc@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Printing handbook chapter COMPLETE In-Reply-To: <199510011038.LAA00951@keltia.freenix.fr> Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk On Sun, 1 Oct 1995, Ollivier Robert wrote: > It seems that Sean Kelly said: > > Already got tickets to Hawaii for later this month! > > Great. > > > John> (And don't sneak in any computer magazines.) > > > > Awwwwww ... :-( > > And don't take a laptop either :-) > > Don't laugh, I've seen people taking a laptop with them for holidays (my > own boss!). I just can't understand this... The times are gone, that I take books like "The design of the unix operating system" with me in holiday. Holidays are so rare and wonderful ... :) -- $$ apsfilter - magic print filter 4lpd @home : andreas@knobel.gun.de $$ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu @work : andreas@sunny.wup.de $$ /pub/Linux/system/Printing/aps-491.tgz knobel: >>> powered by FreeBSD <<< From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 05:56:34 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id FAA00238 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 05:56:34 -0700 Received: from nanolon.gun.de (nanolon.gun.de [192.109.159.5]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id FAA00213 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 05:56:26 -0700 Received: (from uucp@localhost) by nanolon.gun.de (8.6.8.1/8.6.6) with UUCP id NAA28922; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:55:34 +0100 Received: from knobel.gun.de (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by knobel.gun.de (8.6.12/8.6.12) with SMTP id NAA05567; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:52:07 +0100 Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:52:07 +0100 (MET) From: Andreas Klemm To: Jake Hamby cc: John Fieber , doc@freebsd.org, hackers@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk -hackers people ... see comment/wish at XXX) On Thu, 5 Oct 1995, Jake Hamby wrote: > Well, after many more hours of hard work, kernelconfig.sgml is finally > finished (all 34K of it)! I hope it is as good as that new Printing > chapter I hear so much about. The copy is available at: > > http://cs.sci.csupomona.edu/~jehamby/handbook/kernelconfig.sgml Hi ! Here a few suggestions concerning your great kernel doc: >>------------------------------------------------------------------------<< 5.2 Building and Installing a Custom Kernel "... Next, move to the i386/conf directory and copy the GENERIC configuration file to the name you want to give your kernel. For example: # cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf # cp GENERIC MYKERNEL ..." I would add a note, like "don't name your kernel DEBUG, since that would cause debugging statements to be compiled into the kernel, which is only useful for kernel developers." Additionally one should avoid names, that conflict with other kernel definitions. To get an idea, what names are reserved, one should browse through /sys/i386/conf/LINT, which is a list of all possible configuration file definitions. I've heard several times, that some people fail in this area :-) >>------------------------------------------------------------------------<< 5.2 Building and Installing a Custom Kernel "... When you're finished, type the following to compile and install your kernel: # /usr/sbin/config MYKERNEL # cd ../../compile/MYKERNEL # make # make install ..." # make depend <<== what about this ?! # make # make install I always thought, that a "make depend" is important here ?! >>------------------------------------------------------------------------<< 5.2 Building and Installing a Custom Kernel I would add this note after "# make install" The last stage of kernel compilation is loading the kernel executable. This is done by the program ld. If ld complains about missing or unresolved symbols in some kernel modules (".o"-files) then it might be the case, that the kernel library and your kernel sources in /usr/src/sys are a bit out of sync. Then try the following to cure the problem: # cd /usr/src/sys # make clean After that retry loading the kernel executable with the following commands: # cd /sys/compile/MYKERNEL # make After that proceed with # make install >>------------------------------------------------------------------------<< "... 5.3.3. Filesystem Options [...] but feel free to comment out support for filesystems you use less often (perhaps the MS-DOS filesystem?), since they will be dynamically loaded from the Loadable Kernel Module directory /lkm the first time you mount a partition of that type. ..." XXX) I think it's a good strategy, to comment out filesystems, which can be loaded dynamically. It saves possibly much kernel memory. Since it _will_ be loaded on demand, it's _there_ after you demanded it. So why carrying the filesystem stuff with you in kernel, if you don't really need it ?! So why not recommending the people, to comment out things that can be loaded on demand ?! Most people have machines with less memory. Many people like to run X11 although they have perhaps only 8 MB RAM or so ... Commenting out less often used Filesystems should be standard manner in my eyes. The GENERIC kernel profile should reflect this, too !!! One feature I'd like to see in the future would be a feature, to free kernel memory from NFS or other dynamically loaded things, after it's not needed anymore... Would that be possible ? Imagine, NFS wasn't used after NFS_UNLOAD_THRESHOLD seconds ... it would be fine, if it could be unloaded to free kernel space ?!?! (this idea is the reason for "crossmailing into hackers" sorry for the manual-overhead) >>------------------------------------------------------------------------<< Ok, this for now ;-) Thanks for that wonderful docu Andreas /// -- $$ apsfilter - magic print filter 4lpd @home : andreas@knobel.gun.de $$ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu @work : andreas@sunny.wup.de $$ /pub/Linux/system/Printing/aps-491.tgz knobel: >>> powered by FreeBSD <<< From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 06:38:43 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id GAA00824 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 06:38:43 -0700 Received: from irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de (irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de [141.76.1.11]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id GAA00819 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 06:38:40 -0700 Received: from sax.sax.de by irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de (8.6.12/8.6.12-s1) with ESMTP id OAA00689; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 14:38:25 +0100 Received: by sax.sax.de (8.6.11/8.6.12-s1) with UUCP id OAA21922; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 14:38:24 +0100 Received: (from j@localhost) by uriah.heep.sax.de (8.6.12/8.6.9) id OAA00534; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 14:36:31 +0100 From: J Wunsch Message-Id: <199510081336.OAA00534@uriah.heep.sax.de> Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! To: doc@freebsd.org, freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org (FreeBSD hackers) Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 14:36:30 +0100 (MET) Cc: jehamby@lightside.com, jfieber@indiana.edu In-Reply-To: from "Andreas Klemm" at Oct 8, 95 01:52:07 pm X-Phone: +49-351-2012 669 X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL23] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-Length: 1087 Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk As Andreas Klemm wrote: > > I would add a note, like "don't name your kernel DEBUG, > since that would cause debugging statements to be compiled > into the kernel, which is only useful for kernel developers." ``Often, config file names resemble the name of the machine the kernel is intended for, for example, a config file for the machine freefall.freebsd.org would be called FREEFALL.'' > # make depend <<== what about this ?! > # make > # make install > > I always thought, that a "make depend" is important here ?! Since config(8) has just blown away the entire build directory (and will blow away it again next time), make depend is simply a waste of time. (Btw., /usr/src/release/Makefile does also fail in this area: it's wasting much time makeing depend for two kernels where the build areas are being nuked 10 minutes later. :-) People who know about config -n do also know about make depend. :-) -- cheers, J"org joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de -- http://www.sax.de/~joerg/ -- NIC: JW11-RIPE Never trust an operating system you don't have sources for. ;-) From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 08:22:13 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id IAA03825 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 08:22:13 -0700 Received: from fieber-john.campusview.indiana.edu (Fieber-John.campusview.indiana.edu [149.159.1.34]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id IAA03820 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 08:22:09 -0700 Received: (from jfieber@localhost) by fieber-john.campusview.indiana.edu (8.6.11/8.6.9) id KAA20301; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 10:21:10 -0500 Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 10:21:09 -0500 (EST) From: John Fieber To: Andreas Klemm cc: Jake Hamby , doc@freebsd.org, hackers@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk On Sun, 8 Oct 1995, Andreas Klemm wrote: > I think it's a good strategy, to comment out filesystems, which > can be loaded dynamically. It saves possibly much kernel memory. A good strategy, but should be accompanied with a note that any file systems mounted on /etc/fstab that are NOT in the kernel, must be mounted towards the end. I spent a fair amount of time trying to figure out why the loadable filesystems didn't load until I moved them to the end of my fstab. Either (or both?) / and /usr must be mounted first, I never got as far as figuring out the minimum. -john == jfieber@indiana.edu =========================================== == http://fieber-john.campusview.indiana.edu/~jfieber ============ From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 09:21:36 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id JAA06129 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 09:21:36 -0700 Received: from fslg8.fsl.noaa.gov (fslg8.fsl.noaa.gov [137.75.131.171]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with SMTP id JAA06111 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 09:21:31 -0700 Received: by fslg8.fsl.noaa.gov (5.57/Ultrix3.0-C) id AA11503; Sun, 8 Oct 95 10:21:29 -0600 Received: by yarmouth.fsl.noaa.gov (1.37.109.16/SMI-4.1 (1.37.109.16)) id AA008599293; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 10:21:33 -0600 Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 10:21:33 -0600 From: kelly@fsl.noaa.gov (Sean Kelly) Message-Id: <199510081621.AA008599293@yarmouth.fsl.noaa.gov> To: j@uriah.heep.sax.de Cc: doc@freebsd.org, freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org, jehamby@lightside.com, jfieber@indiana.edu In-Reply-To: <199510081336.OAA00534@uriah.heep.sax.de> (message from J Wunsch on Sun, 8 Oct 1995 14:36:30 +0100 (MET)) Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk >>>>> "Joerg" == J Wunsch writes: Joerg> ``Often, config file names resemble the name of the machine Joerg> the kernel is intended for, for example, a config file for Joerg> the machine freefall.freebsd.org would be called Joerg> FREEFALL.'' ``Also, if you're making a kernel for a group of identical machines, the kernel name could reflect the machines' configuration or purpose, such as MICRON32MB or STUDENTLAB.'' -- Sean Kelly NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory, Boulder Colorado USA I've never seen electricity, so I don't pay for it. I write right on the bill, "I'm sorry, I haven't seen it all month." -- Steven Wright From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 10:37:41 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id KAA07853 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 10:37:41 -0700 Received: from irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de (irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de [141.76.1.11]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id KAA07835 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 10:37:36 -0700 Received: from sax.sax.de by irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de (8.6.12/8.6.12-s1) with ESMTP id SAA05232; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 18:37:32 +0100 Received: by sax.sax.de (8.6.11/8.6.12-s1) with UUCP id SAA23385; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 18:37:32 +0100 Received: (from j@localhost) by uriah.heep.sax.de (8.6.12/8.6.9) id SAA01693; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 18:25:42 +0100 From: J Wunsch Message-Id: <199510081725.SAA01693@uriah.heep.sax.de> Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! To: freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org (FreeBSD hackers) Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 18:25:41 +0100 (MET) Cc: andreas@knobel.gun.de, jehamby@lightside.com, doc@freebsd.org Reply-To: joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de (Joerg Wunsch) In-Reply-To: from "John Fieber" at Oct 8, 95 10:21:09 am X-Phone: +49-351-2012 669 X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL23] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-Length: 524 Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk As John Fieber wrote: > > ... I spent a fair amount of time trying to figure out why > the loadable filesystems didn't load until I moved them to the end of my > fstab. Either (or both?) / and /usr must be mounted first, I never got > as far as figuring out the minimum. Both. The lkm mechanism requires to run ld(1), and that's normally living in /usr. -- cheers, J"org joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de -- http://www.sax.de/~joerg/ -- NIC: JW11-RIPE Never trust an operating system you don't have sources for. ;-) From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 13:32:01 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id NAA10585 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:32:01 -0700 Received: from ref.tfs.com (ref.tfs.com [140.145.254.251]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id NAA10564 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:31:55 -0700 Received: (from julian@localhost) by ref.tfs.com (8.6.11/8.6.9) id NAA13802; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:30:19 -0700 From: Julian Elischer Message-Id: <199510082030.NAA13802@ref.tfs.com> Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! To: j@uriah.heep.sax.de (J Wunsch) Date: Sun, 8 Oct 1995 13:30:18 -0700 (PDT) Cc: doc@freebsd.org, freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org, jehamby@lightside.com, jfieber@indiana.edu In-Reply-To: <199510081336.OAA00534@uriah.heep.sax.de> from "J Wunsch" at Oct 8, 95 02:36:30 pm X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL24] Content-Type: text Content-Length: 1369 Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk > > As Andreas Klemm wrote: > > > > I would add a note, like "don't name your kernel DEBUG, > > since that would cause debugging statements to be compiled > > into the kernel, which is only useful for kernel developers." > > ``Often, config file names resemble the name of the machine the kernel > is intended for, for example, a config file for the machine > freefall.freebsd.org would be called FREEFALL.'' > > > # make depend <<== what about this ?! > > # make > > # make install > > > > I always thought, that a "make depend" is important here ?! > > Since config(8) has just blown away the entire build directory (and > will blow away it again next time), make depend is simply a waste of > time. (Btw., /usr/src/release/Makefile does also fail in this area: > it's wasting much time makeing depend for two kernels where the build > areas are being nuked 10 minutes later. :-) THIS IS NOT TRUE I often make ne configuration, then build from it several dozen times as I edit various sources.. not having correct dependencies can be a real problem, and cause untold hours of wasted debugging.. > > People who know about config -n do also know about make depend. :-) > > -- > cheers, J"org > > joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de -- http://www.sax.de/~joerg/ -- NIC: JW11-RIPE > Never trust an operating system you don't have sources for. ;-) > From owner-freebsd-doc Sun Oct 8 22:22:43 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id WAA25077 for doc-outgoing; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 22:22:43 -0700 Received: from irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de (irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de [141.76.1.11]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id WAA25071 ; Sun, 8 Oct 1995 22:22:39 -0700 Received: from sax.sax.de by irz301.inf.tu-dresden.de (8.6.12/8.6.12-s1) with ESMTP id GAA17572; Mon, 9 Oct 1995 06:21:03 +0100 Received: by sax.sax.de (8.6.11/8.6.12-s1) with UUCP id GAA28828; Mon, 9 Oct 1995 06:21:03 +0100 Received: (from j@localhost) by uriah.heep.sax.de (8.6.12/8.6.9) id CAA03155; Mon, 9 Oct 1995 02:51:54 +0100 From: J Wunsch Message-Id: <199510090151.CAA03155@uriah.heep.sax.de> Subject: Re: Kernelconfig.sgml FINALLY FINISHED! To: julian@ref.tfs.com (Julian Elischer) Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 02:51:53 +0100 (MET) Cc: doc@freebsd.org, freebsd-hackers@freebsd.org, jehamby@lightside.com, jfieber@indiana.edu Reply-To: joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de (Joerg Wunsch) In-Reply-To: <199510082030.NAA13802@ref.tfs.com> from "Julian Elischer" at Oct 8, 95 01:30:18 pm X-Phone: +49-351-2012 669 X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL23] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-Length: 742 Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk As Julian Elischer wrote: > > > Since config(8) has just blown away the entire build directory (and > > will blow away it again next time), make depend is simply a waste of > > time. > I often make ne configuration, > then build from it several dozen times as I edit various sources.. > not having correct dependencies can be a real problem, and cause > untold hours of wasted debugging.. That's your own, yeah, what, stupidity. :) By default, config blows the entire build directory just for such reasons. If you've been disabling this, you are responsible for yourself. :-) -- cheers, J"org joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de -- http://www.sax.de/~joerg/ -- NIC: JW11-RIPE Never trust an operating system you don't have sources for. ;-) From owner-freebsd-doc Wed Oct 11 00:53:26 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id AAA26939 for doc-outgoing; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 00:53:26 -0700 Received: from time.cdrom.com (time.cdrom.com [192.216.222.226]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id AAA26932 ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 00:52:56 -0700 Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by time.cdrom.com (8.6.12/8.6.9) with SMTP id AAA11971; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 00:52:36 -0700 To: doc@freefall.FreeBSD.org cc: faq@freefall.FreeBSD.org Subject: Darryl Okahata: Re: I do not see that this ever made it in to the FAQ?? Date: Wed, 11 Oct 1995 00:52:35 -0700 Message-ID: <11969.813397955@time.cdrom.com> From: "Jordan K. Hubbard" Sender: owner-doc@FreeBSD.org Precedence: bulk Did you guys get these changes? I think they should certainly be folded in, if not! Jordan ------- Forwarded Message Return-Path: darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com Received: from freefall.cdrom.com (freefall.cdrom.com [192.216.222.4]) by time.cdrom.com (8.6.11/8.6.9) with ESMTP id PAA09413 for ; Fri, 28 Jul 1995 15:59:48 -0700 Received: from violet.berkeley.edu (violet.Berkeley.EDU [128.32.155.22]) by freefall.cdrom.com (8.6.11/8.6.6) with ESMTP id QAA13485 for ; Fri, 28 Jul 1995 16:00:34 -0700 Received: from relay.hp.com by violet.berkeley.edu (8.6.10/1.33r) id QAA07173; Fri, 28 Jul 1995 16:00:32 -0700 Received: from srmail.sr.hp.com by relay.hp.com with ESMTP (1.37.109.16/15.5+ECS 3.3) id AA037452431; Fri, 28 Jul 1995 16:00:31 -0700 Received: from hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com by srmail.sr.hp.com with ESMTP (1.37.109.16/15.5+ECS 3.3) id AA114042430; Fri, 28 Jul 1995 16:00:30 -0700 Received: from mina.sr.hp.com by hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com with SMTP (1.37.109.16/15.5+ECS 3.3) id AA232812429; Fri, 28 Jul 1995 16:00:29 -0700 Message-Id: <199507282300.AA232812429@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com> To: jkh@violet.berkeley.edu (Jordan K. Hubbard) Subject: Re: I do not see that this ever made it in to the FAQ?? In-Reply-To: Your message of "Fri, 28 Jul 1995 14:52:43 PDT." <199507282152.OAA00397@violet.berkeley.edu> Date: Fri, 28 Jul 1995 16:00:28 -0700 From: Darryl Okahata > Here's a fragment of some things that I submitted for addition to > the FAQ (ignore the strange question numbering). Check out the last > question. > > [ Hmm. Looking at these answers, some of them are a bit incomplete. > Not all possibilities are given. ] OK, I'll just send you what I sent to the FAQ folks (ignore my previous message to you). The following consists of diffs relative to the ASCII version, as that is what the FAQ folks requested. Also, I noticed that some of the answers are a bit incomplete. Would you like me to fix them and send you the changes? -- Darryl Okahata Internet: darrylo@sr.hp.com DISCLAIMER: this message is the author's personal opinion and does not constitute the support, opinion or policy of Hewlett-Packard or of the little green men that have been following him all day. =============================================================================== Date: Wed, 19 Jul 1995 01:34:43 PDT To: roberto@blaise.ibp.fr (Ollivier Robert) cc: gclarkii@freebsd.org, freebsd-doc@freebsd.org From: Darryl Okahata Subject: Re: Who's working on the FAQ? >From owner-freebsd-doc@freefall.cdrom.com Wed Jul 19 01: 44:16 1995 Sender: doc-owner@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk [ This is being cc'd to freebsd-doc to get any feedback. ] > > Has the FAQ been fixed up to handle the following? > > > > If not, I'd be willing to submit some entries for these. > > Go and send your changes. I'm a little bit short on time for the moment. Hi, Here are some changes. In addition to adding some common questions, I also changed the introduction slightly. The idea is that someone new to FreeBSD would ask questions like the following: 1. What is FreeBSD? 2. What do I need to run FreeBSD? 3. Where do I get it? I placed these close to the beginning because they are probably among the most-asked questions, and burying them in the bowels of the document would probably frustrate people and make them use Linux. ;-) Anyway, keep what you think is useful and throw out the rest. I added a question on "FreeBSD books/documents". I've mentioned some good books, but I don't know what the FreeBSD policy is regarding commercial products. Anyway, I've got no connections to any of the mentioned books/CDROMs, aside from being a customer. I didn't add/change anything regarding the serial port devices (e.g., lack of /dev/tty00, etc.), as I haven't had the time. I'm not sure what changes other people have been making, and so I didn't make a large amount of changes. If you'd like me to continue fiddling with the FAQ, just ask. Areas marked with need to be verified/corrected. Also, the section/question numbering may seem odd. They just need to be renumbered. I just chose some numbers to make the questions sequential, and I'm not trying to create some weird question hierarchy. The patches are relative to rev 1.5 of /usr/share/FAQ/Text/FreeBSD.FAQ. -- Darryl Okahata Internet: darrylo@sr.hp.com DISCLAIMER: this message is the author's personal opinion and does not constitute the support, opinion or policy of Hewlett-Packard or of the little green men that have been following him all day. =============================================================================== *** FreeBSD.FAQ.orig Tue Jul 11 23:23:56 1995 - --- FreeBSD.FAQ Wed Jul 19 00:43:28 1995 *************** *** 33,38 **** - --- 33,42 ---- Welcome to the FreeBSD 2.0 FAQ! This document tries to answer some of the most frequently asked questions about FreeBSD 2.0. + + The latest released version is FreeBSD 2.0.5R. (What about + current snapshots?) + If there's something you're having trouble with and you do not see it here, please send email to: *************** *** 40,49 **** Some of the instructions here will also refer to auxiliary utilities ! in the /usr/src/share/FAQ directory. CDROM purchasers and net folks ! who've grabbed the FreeBSD 2.0 `srcdist' will have these files. If ! you don't have the source distribution, then you can either grab the ! whole thing from: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current - --- 44,56 ---- Some of the instructions here will also refer to auxiliary utilities ! in the /usr/share/FAQ directory and below. If you do not have this ! directory, or if it does not contain the file that you want, you are ! probably using a version of FreeBSD prior to 2.0.5R. In this case, ! install the FreeBSD sources and look in /usr/src/share/FAQ (instead of ! /usr/share/FAQ). CDROM purchasers and net folks who've grabbed the ! FreeBSD 2.0 `srcdist' will have these files. If you don't have the ! source distribution, then you can either grab the whole thing from: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current *************** *** 78,83 **** - --- 85,115 ---- Sync PPP Improved SCSI support + 0.1.1: What do I need to run FreeBSD? + + See section 2, "Hardware compatibility", of this FAQ. + + 0.1.2: Where can I get FreeBSD? + + The distribution is available via anonymous ftp from: + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ + + For the current release, 2.0.5R, look in: + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.0.5-RELEASE/ + + FreeBSD is also available via CDROM, from the following place(s): + + Walnut Creek CDROM + 4041 Pike Lane, Suite D-386 + Concord, CA 94520 USA + Orders: (800)-786-9907 + Questions: (510)-674-0783 + FAX: (510)-674-0821 + email: orders@cdrom.com + WWW: http://www.cdrom.com/ + 0.2: What are the FreeBSD mailing lists, and how can I get on them? *************** *** 123,132 **** - --- 155,272 ---- (probably only for a short time longer). + 0.4: Books on FreeBSD + + There currently aren't any books written specifically for FreeBSD, although + some people are supposedly working on some. + + However, as FreeBSD 2.0 is based upon Berkeley 4.4BSD-Lite, most of the + 4.4BSD manuals are applicable to FreeBSD 2.0. O'Reilly and Associates + publishes these manuals: + + 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual + By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley + 1st Edition June 1994, 804 pages + ISBN: 1-56592-080-5 + + 4.4BSD User's Reference Manual + By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley + 1st Edition June 1994, 905 pages + ISBN: 1-56592-075-9 + + 4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents + By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley + 1st Edition July 1994, 712 pages + ISBN: 1-56592-076-7 + + 4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual + By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley + 1st Edition June 1994, 886 pages + ISBN: 1-56592-078-3 + + 4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents + By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley + 1st Edition July 1994, 596 pages + ISBN: 1-56592-079-1 + + A description of these can be found via WWW as: + + http://gnn.com/gnn/bus/ora/category/bsd.html + + A good book on system administration is: + + Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott Seebass, & Trent R. Hein, + "Unix System Administraion Handbook", Prentice-Hall, 1995, + ISBN: 0-13-151051-7 + [ Note: make sure you get the second edition, with a red cover, + instead of the first edition. ] + + This book covers the basics, as well as TCP/IP, DNS, NFS, SLIP/PPP, + sendmail, INN/NNTP, printing, etc.. It's expensive (~US$45-$55), but worth + it. It also includes a CDROM with the sources for various tools; most of + these, however, are also on the FreeBSD 2.0.5R CDROM (and the FreeBSD CDROM + often has newer versions). + + + 0.5: Other sources of information. + + One good source of additional information is the "[comp.unix.bsd] NetBSD, + FreeBSD, and 386BSD (0.1) FAQ". Much of the information is relevant to + FreeBSD, and this FAQ is posted around twice a month to the following + newsgroups: + + comp.unix.bsd.netbsd.announce + comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce + comp.answers + news.answers + + ( is this FAQ still being maintained/posted???) + + If you have WWW access, the FreeBSD home page is at: + + http://www.freebsd.org/ + + A FreeBSD "handbook" is being created, and can be found as: + + http://www.freebsd.org/How/handbook/ + + Note that this is a work in progress, and so parts may be incomplete. + 1 Installation -------------- + 1.0: How do I install FreeBSD? + + [ IMPORTANT NOTE: if you are installing 2.0.5R from tape, see the question + titled, "Help! I can't install from tape! The install fails with a + `record too big' error!" ] + + Installation instructions can be found as: + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.0.5-RELEASE/INSTALL + + Release notes are also available as: + + ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.0.5-RELEASE/RELNOTES + + On the CDROM, the following files are in the top-most directory: + + INSTALL -- Installation instructions + README.TXT -- Basic README file + RELNOTES -- Release notes + + + 1.0.1: Help! I can't install from tape! The install fails with a + "record too big" error! + + If you are installing 2.0.5R from tape, you must create the tape using a tar + blocksize of 10 (5120 bytes). The default tar blocksize is 20 (10240 + bytes), and tapes created using this default size cannot be used to install + 2.0.5R; with these tapes, you will get an error that complains about the + record size being too big. + + 1.1: I want to install FreeBSD onto a SCSI disk that has more than 1024 cylinders. How do I do it? *************** *** 179,184 **** - --- 319,334 ---- No. FreeBSD 2.0 comes with bounce buffers which allows your bus mastering controller access to greater than 16MB. + 1.5.1: My network card keeps getting errors like, "ed1: timeout". What's + going on? + + This is usually caused by an interrupt conflict (e.g., two boards using + the same IRQ). FreeBSD prior to 2.0.5R used to be tolerant of + this, and the network driver would still function in the presence of IRQ + conflicts. However, with 2.0.5R and later, IRQ conflicts are no + longer tolerated. See the file, "", for more details. + + 1.6: Do I need to install the complete sources? In general, no. However, we would strongly recommend that you *************** *** 565,570 **** - --- 715,867 ---- 5 Miscellaneous Questions ---------------- + + + 5.0.1: Hey! Chmod doesn't change the file permissions of symlinked files! + What's going on? + + You have to use either "-H" or "-L" together with the "-R" option to make + this work. See the chmod(1) and symlink(7) man pages for more info. + + WARNING: the "-R" option does a *RECURSIVE* chmod. Be careful about + specifying directories or symlinks to directories to chmod. If you want to + change the permissions of a directory referenced by a symlink, use chmod(1) + without any options and follow the symlink with a trailing slash ("/"). For + example, if "foo" is a symlink to directory "bar", and you want to change + the permissions of "foo" (actually "bar"), you would do something like: + + chmod 555 foo/ + + With the trailing slash, chmod will follow the symlink, "foo", to change the + permissions of the directory, "bar". + + + 5.0.2: How do I mount a CDROM? I've tried using mount(8), but it keeps on + giving me an error like, "/dev/cd0a on /mnt: Incorrect super block." + + You have to tell mount(8) the type of the device that you want to mount. By + default, mount(8) will assume the filesystem is of type "ufs". You want to + mount a CDROM filesystem, and you do this by specifying the "-t cd9660" + option to mount(8). This does, of course, assume that the CDROM contains an + ISO 9660 filesystem, which is what most CDROMs have. As of 2.0.5R, FreeBSD + also understands the Rock Ridge (long filename) extensions. + + As an example, if you want to mount the CDROM device, "/dev/cd0c", under + /mnt, you would execute: + + mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt + + Note that your device name ("/dev/cd0c" in this example) could be different, + depending on the CDROM interface. Note that the "-t cd9660" option just + causes the "mount_cd9660" command to be executed, and so the above example + could be shortened to: + + mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt + + + 5.0.3: When I try to mount a CDROM, I get a "Device not configured" error. + What's going on? + + This generally means that there is no CDROM in the CDROM drive. Feed the + drive something. + + + 5.0.4: My programs occasionally die with "Signal 11" errors. What's + going on? + + This can be caused by bad hardware (memory, motherboard, etc.). Try running + a memory-testing program on your PC. Note that, even though every memory + testing program you try will report your memory as being fine, it's possible + for slightly marginal memory to pass all memory tests, yet fail under + operating conditions (such as during busmastering DMA from a SCSI + controller like the Adaptec 1542). + + + 5.0.5: Help, some of my X Window menus and dialog boxes don't work right! I + can't select them. + + Try turning off the Num Lock key. + + + 5.0.6: How do I access the virtual consoles? + + If the console is not currently displaying X Windows, just press Alt-F1 to + Alt-F12. NOTE: the default FreeBSD installation has only three (3) virtual + consoles enabled, and so only Alt-F1, Alt-F2, and Alt-F3 will work to switch + between three virtual consoles. If you want to increase this number, see + the next question. + + If the console is currently displaying X Windows, you can use Ctrl-Alt-F1, + etc. to switch to a virtual console. Note, however, that once you've + switched away from X Windows to a virtual terminal, you use only the Alt- + function key to switch to another virtual terminal or back to X Windows. + You do not also press the Ctrl key; the Ctrl-Alt-function key combination is + used only when switching from X Windows to a virtual terminal. + + + 5.0.7: How do I increase the number of virtual consoles? + + Edit /etc/ttys and add entries for "ttyv4" to "ttyvc" after the comment on + "Virtual terminals" (delete the leading whitespace in the following + example): + + # Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change + # "off" to "on". + ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv8 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + + Use as many or as few as you want. The more virtual terminals you have, the + more resources that are used; this can be important if you have 8MB RAM or + less. You may also want to change the "secure" to "insecure". + + IMPORTANT NOTE: if you want to run X Windows, you *MUST* leave a virtual + terminal unused (or turned off). For example, if you want to attach a + virtual terminal to all of your twelve Alt-function keys, you can only + attach virtual terminals to eleven of them. The last must be left unused, + because X Windows will use it, and you will use the last Alt-function key to + switch back to X Windows (after you have switched from X Windows to a + virtual console via a Ctrl-Alt-function key). The easiest way to do this is + to disable a console by turning it off. For example, if you have a keyboard + with twelve function keys, you would change settings for virtual terminal 12 + from: + + ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure + + to: + + ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure + + If your keyboard has only ten function keys, you would end up with: + + ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure + ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure + ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure + + (You could also just delete these lines.) + + Once you have edited /etc/ttys, the next step is to make sure that you have + enough virtual terminal devices. The easiest way to do this is: + + cd /dev + ./MAKEDEV vty12 # For 12 devices + + Next, the easiest (and cleanest) way to activate the virtual consoles is to + reboot. However, if you really don't want to reboot, you can just shut down + X Windows and execute (as root): + + kill -HUP 1 + + It's imperative that you completely shut down X Windows if it is running, + before running this command. If you don't, your system will probably appear + to hang/lock up after executing the kill command. + 5.1: I've heard of something called FreeBSD-current. How do I run it, and where can I get more information? ------- End of Forwarded Message From owner-freebsd-doc Wed Oct 11 01:42:35 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id BAA28824 for doc-outgoing; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:42:35 -0700 Received: from ibp.ibp.fr (ibp.ibp.fr [132.227.60.30]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id BAA28802 ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:42:28 -0700 Received: from blaise.ibp.fr (blaise.ibp.fr [132.227.60.1]) by ibp.ibp.fr (8.6.12/jtpda-5.0) with ESMTP id JAA01511 ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 09:39:00 +0100 Received: from (uucp@localhost) by blaise.ibp.fr (8.6.12/jtpda-5.0) with UUCP id JAA10559 ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 09:39:00 +0100 Received: (from roberto@localhost) by keltia.freenix.fr (8.7.1/keltia-uucp-2.6) id JAA22386; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 09:30:06 +0100 (MET) From: Ollivier Robert Message-Id: <199510110830.JAA22386@keltia.freenix.fr> Subject: Re: Darryl Okahata: Re: I do not see that this ever made it in to the FAQ?? To: jkh@time.cdrom.com (Jordan K. Hubbard) Date: Wed, 11 Oct 1995 09:30:05 +0100 (MET) Cc: doc@freefall.FreeBSD.org, faq@freefall.FreeBSD.org In-Reply-To: <11969.813397955@time.cdrom.com> from "Jordan K. Hubbard" at Oct 11, 95 00:52:35 am X-Operating-System: FreeBSD 2.2-CURRENT ctm#1193 X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL24 ME8b] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Sender: owner-doc@FreeBSD.org Precedence: bulk It seems that Jordan K. Hubbard said: > Did you guys get these changes? I think they should certainly be > folded in, if not! They have been for a long time Jordan, stop reading old mail :-) roberto 95/07/29 11:09:21 Modified: share/doc/FAQ freebsd-faq.sgml Log: Major overhaul of the FAQ. I've added several contributions specially from Darryl Okahata. I've rewritten several URL to the proper tag. There is still room for improvement but it should be closer to 2.0.5R now. I'll try to be faster for future updates... Obtained from: Mail messages from the lists. -- Ollivier ROBERT -=- The daemon is FREE! -=- roberto@keltia.frmug.fr.net FreeBSD keltia.freenix.fr 2.2-CURRENT #2: Sat Oct 7 23:37:44 MET 1995 From owner-freebsd-doc Wed Oct 11 01:50:12 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id BAA29362 for doc-outgoing; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:50:12 -0700 Received: from time.cdrom.com (time.cdrom.com [192.216.222.226]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id BAA29355 ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:50:07 -0700 Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by time.cdrom.com (8.6.12/8.6.9) with SMTP id BAA14048; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:48:13 -0700 To: Ollivier Robert cc: doc@freefall.FreeBSD.org, faq@freefall.FreeBSD.org Subject: Re: Darryl Okahata: Re: I do not see that this ever made it in to the FAQ?? In-reply-to: Your message of "Wed, 11 Oct 1995 09:30:05 BST." <199510110830.JAA22386@keltia.freenix.fr> Date: Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:48:13 -0700 Message-ID: <14046.813401293@time.cdrom.com> From: "Jordan K. Hubbard" Sender: owner-doc@FreeBSD.org Precedence: bulk > It seems that Jordan K. Hubbard said: > > Did you guys get these changes? I think they should certainly be > > folded in, if not! > > They have been for a long time Jordan, stop reading old mail :-) My face is red - please pass the hat! Oh, wait.. That's right, as president I get my very own pointy hat.. Never mind.. :-) Jordan From owner-freebsd-doc Wed Oct 11 06:03:19 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id GAA07509 for doc-outgoing; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 06:03:19 -0700 Received: from naftalab.bus.utexas.edu (naftalab.bus.utexas.edu [146.6.44.46]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id GAA07501 for ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 06:03:16 -0700 Received: by naftalab.bus.utexas.edu (1.37.109.9/16.2) id AA2428949476; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 08:06:12 -0500 Date: Wed, 11 Oct 1995 08:06:12 -0500 (CDT) From: chandler howell To: doc@freebsd.org Subject: Subscribe Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk Subscribe chandler@naftalab.bus.utexas.edu -- *------------ I couldn't pay someone to let me speak for them -------------* Chandler W. Howell, Team OS/2 * "It's good to be the Bing."-SMason* UNIX Administrator & Programmer/Analyst* "Officer Mitchell! I thought you * OS/2 Entertainment Development Council * said you didn't want to come * chandler@naftalab.bus.utexas.edu * back out here tonight!" * chandler.howell@sematech.org * *** Nugget is a Tool *** * ---------------- http://naftalab.bus.utexas.edu/~chandler -----------------* --- "Never trust a software engineer with a screwdriver." --Tim Crowther --- - Two Words: Tesla Coil ----------------------- We do precision guesswork - From owner-freebsd-doc Wed Oct 11 14:08:17 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id OAA18211 for doc-outgoing; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 14:08:17 -0700 Received: from hp.com (hp.com [15.255.152.4]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id OAA18204 ; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 14:08:12 -0700 Received: from srmail.sr.hp.com by hp.com with ESMTP (1.37.109.16/15.5+ECS 3.3) id AA274315681; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 14:08:02 -0700 Received: from hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com by srmail.sr.hp.com with ESMTP (1.37.109.16/15.5+ECS 3.3) id AA250525680; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 14:08:00 -0700 Received: from mina.sr.hp.com by hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com with SMTP (1.37.109.16/15.5+ECS 3.3) id AA191785679; Wed, 11 Oct 1995 14:07:59 -0700 Message-Id: <199510112107.AA191785679@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com> To: "Jordan K. Hubbard" Cc: doc@freefall.freebsd.org, faq@freefall.freebsd.org Subject: Re: Darryl Okahata: Re: I do not see that this ever made it in to the FAQ?? In-Reply-To: Your message of "Wed, 11 Oct 1995 01:48:13 PDT." <14046.813401293@time.cdrom.com> Date: Wed, 11 Oct 1995 14:07:59 -0700 From: Darryl Okahata Sender: owner-doc@FreeBSD.org Precedence: bulk > My face is red - please pass the hat! [ Well, it's certainly unsettling to see one's name appearing in a subject line ("Just because everyone's after me doesn't mean I'm paranoid." ;-) ] I did recently check the FAQ (the one available via http), and all of the major items that I added were there. I didn't check to see if all of them were, as some were pretty insignificant. > Oh, wait.. That's right, as > president I get my very own pointy hat.. Never mind.. :-) Maybe it needs a propeller on top??? (Sorry -- couldn't resist! ;-) -- Darryl Okahata Internet: darrylo@sr.hp.com DISCLAIMER: this message is the author's personal opinion and does not constitute the support, opinion or policy of Hewlett-Packard or of the little green men that have been following him all day. From owner-freebsd-doc Fri Oct 13 00:31:48 1995 Return-Path: owner-doc Received: (from root@localhost) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) id AAA18983 for doc-outgoing; Fri, 13 Oct 1995 00:31:48 -0700 Received: from nanolon.gun.de (nanolon.gun.de [192.109.159.5]) by freefall.freebsd.org (8.6.12/8.6.6) with ESMTP id AAA18978 for ; Fri, 13 Oct 1995 00:31:40 -0700 Received: (from uucp@localhost) by nanolon.gun.de (8.6.8.1/8.6.6) with UUCP id IAA05239 for doc@freebsd.org; Fri, 13 Oct 1995 08:31:30 +0100 Received: from knobel.gun.de (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by knobel.gun.de (8.6.12/8.6.12) with SMTP id IAA10678 for ; Fri, 13 Oct 1995 08:10:59 +0100 Date: Fri, 13 Oct 1995 08:10:58 +0100 (MET) From: Andreas Klemm To: doc@freebsd.org Subject: Typo in 22.1.3, word process is missing in first sentence Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-doc@freebsd.org Precedence: bulk Hi ! Please correct the following typo in chapter 22.1.3, first sentence, of the FreeBSD handbook: To get the user-land going, when the kernel has finished initialization, it will create a process with ``pid == 1'' and execute a program ... ^^^^^^^ -- $$ apsfilter - magic print filter 4lpd @home : andreas@knobel.gun.de $$ ftp://sunsite.unc.edu @work : andreas@sunny.wup.de $$ /pub/Linux/system/Printing/aps-491.tgz knobel: >>> powered by FreeBSD <<<