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Date:      Tue, 14 Mar 2017 11:07:19 -0700
From:      Mark Millard <markmi@dsl-only.net>
To:        freebsd-arm <freebsd-arm@freebsd.org>, FreeBSD Current <freebsd-current@freebsd.org>, FreeBSD-STABLE Mailing List <freebsd-stable@freebsd.org>
Subject:   arm64 fork/swap data corruptions: A ~110 line C program demonstrating an example (Pine64+ 2GB context) [Corrected subject: arm64!]
Message-ID:  <5BEAFC6C-DA80-4D7B-AB55-977E585D1ACC@dsl-only.net>
In-Reply-To: <16B3D614-62E1-4E58-B409-8DB9DBB35BCB@dsl-only.net>
References:  <01735A68-FED6-4E63-964F-0820FE5C446C@dsl-only.net> <A82D1406-DB53-42CE-A41C-D984C9F5A1C9@dsl-only.net> <16B3D614-62E1-4E58-B409-8DB9DBB35BCB@dsl-only.net>

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[This is just a correction to the subject-line text to say arm64
instead of amd64.]

On 2017-Mar-14, at 12:58 AM, Mark Millard <markmi@dsl-only.net> wrote:

[Another correction I'm afraid --about alternative program variations
this time.]

On 2017-Mar-13, at 11:52 PM, Mark Millard <markmi@dsl-only.net> wrote:

> I'm still at a loss about how to figure out what stages are messed
> up. (Memory coherency? Some memory not swapped out? Bad data swapped
> out? Wrong data swapped in?)
>=20
> But at least I've found a much smaller/simpler example to demonstrate
> some problem with in my Pine64+_ 2GB context.
>=20
> The Pine64+ 2GB is the only amd64 context that I have access to.

Someday I'll learn to type arm64 the first time instead of amd64.

> The following program fails its check for data
> having its expected byte pattern in dynamically
> allocated memory after a fork/swap-out/swap-in
> sequence.
>=20
> I'll note that the program sleeps for 60s after
> forking to give time to do something else to
> cause the parent and child processes to swap
> out (RES=3D0 as seen in top).

The following about the extra test_check() was
wrong.

> Note the source code line:
>=20
>  // test_check(); // Adding this line prevents failure.
>=20
> It seem that accessing the region contents before forking
> and swapping avoids the problem. But there is a problem
> if the region was only written-to before the fork/swap.

This was because I'd carelessly moved some loop variables to
globals in a way that depended on the initialization of the
globals and the extra call changed those values.

I've noted code adjustments below (3 lines). I get the failures
with them as well.

> Another point is the size of the region matters: <=3D 14K Bytes
> fails and > 14K Bytes works for as much has I have tested.
>=20
>=20
> # more swap_testing.c
> // swap_testing.c
>=20
> // Built via (c++ was clang++ 4.0 in my case):
> //
> // cc -g -std=3Dc11 -Wpedantic swap_testing.c
> // -O0 and -O2 also gets the problem.
>=20
> #include <unistd.h>     // for fork(), sleep(.)
> #include <sys/types.h>  // for pid_t
> #include <sys/wait.h>   // for wait(.)
>=20
> extern void test_setup(void); // Sets up the memory byte pattern.
> extern void test_check(void); // Tests the memory byte pattern.
>=20
> int main(void)
> {
>  test_setup();
  test_check(); // This test passes.
>=20
>  pid_t pid =3D fork();
>  int wait_status =3D 0;;
>=20
>  if (0<pid) { wait(&wait_status); }
>=20
>  if (-1!=3Dwait_status && 0<=3Dpid)
>  {
>      if (0=3D=3Dpid)
>      {
>          sleep(60);
>=20
>          // During this manually force this process to
>          // swap out. I use something like:
>=20
>          // stress -m 1 --vm-bytes 1800M
>=20
>          // in another shell and ^C'ing it after top
>          // shows the swapped status desired. 1800M
>          // just happened to work on the Pine64+ 2GB
>          // that I was using.
>      }
>=20
>      test_check();
>  }
> }
>=20
> // The memory and test code follows.
>=20
> #include <stdbool.h>    // for bool, true, false
> #include <stddef.h>     // for size_t, NULL
> #include <stdlib.h>     // for malloc(.), free(.)
>=20
> #include <signal.h>     // for raise(.), SIGABRT
>=20
> #define region_size (14u*1024u)
>                      // Bad dyn_region pattern, parent and child
>                      // processes:
>                      //  256u, 4u*1024u, 8u*1024u, 9u*1024u,
>                      // 12u*1024u, 14u*1024u
>=20
>                      // Works:
>                      // 14u*1024u+1u, 15u*1024u, 16u*1024u,
>                      // 32u*1024u, 256u*1024u*1024u
>=20
> typedef volatile unsigned char value_type;
>=20
> struct region_struct { value_type array[region_size]; };
> typedef struct region_struct region;
>=20
> static region            gbl_region;
> static region * volatile dyn_region =3D NULL;
>=20
> static value_type value(size_t v) { return (value_type)v; }
>=20
> void test_setup(void) {
>  dyn_region =3D malloc(sizeof(region));
>  if (!dyn_region) raise(SIGABRT);
>=20
>  for(size_t i=3D0u; i<region_size; i++) {
>      (*dyn_region).array[i] =3D gbl_region.array[i] =3D value(i);
>  }
> }
>=20
> static volatile bool gbl_failed =3D false; // Until potentially =
disproved
> static volatile size_t gbl_pos =3D 0u;
>=20
> static volatile bool dyn_failed =3D false; // Until potentially =
disproved
> static volatile size_t dyn_pos =3D 0u;
>=20
> void test_check(void) {
  gbl_pos =3D 0u;
>  while (!gbl_failed && gbl_pos<region_size) {
>      gbl_failed =3D (value(gbl_pos) !=3D gbl_region.array[gbl_pos]);
>      gbl_pos++;
>  }
>=20
  dyn_pos =3D 0u;
>  while (!dyn_failed && dyn_pos<region_size) {
>      dyn_failed =3D (value(dyn_pos) !=3D =
(*dyn_region).array[dyn_pos]);
>      // Note: When the memory pattern fails this case is that
>      //       records the failure.
>      dyn_pos++;
>  }
>=20
>  if (gbl_failed) raise(SIGABRT);
>  if (dyn_failed) raise(SIGABRT); // lldb reports this line for the =
__raise call.
>                                  // when it fails (both parent and =
child processes).
> }

I'm not bothering to redo the details below for the
line number variations.

> Other details from lldb (not using -O2 so things are
> simpler, not presented in the order examined):
>=20
> # lldb a.out -c /var/crash/a.out.11575.core
> (lldb) target create "a.out" --core "/var/crash/a.out.11575.core"
> Core file '/var/crash/a.out.11575.core' (aarch64) was loaded.
> (lldb) bt
> * thread #1, name =3D 'a.out', stop reason =3D signal SIGABRT
> * frame #0: 0x0000000040113d38 libc.so.7`_thr_kill + 8
>  frame #1: libc.so.7`__raise(s=3D6) at raise.c:52
>  frame #2: a.out`test_check at swap_testing.c:103
>  frame #3: a.out`main at swap_testing.c:42
>  frame #4: 0x0000000000020184 a.out`__start + 364
>  frame #5: ld-elf.so.1`.rtld_start at rtld_start.S:41
>=20
> (lldb) up 2
> frame #2: a.out`test_check at swap_testing.c:103
> 100 	    }
> 101 =09
> 102 	    if (gbl_failed) raise(SIGABRT);
> -> 103 	    if (dyn_failed) raise(SIGABRT); // lldb reports this =
line for the __raise call.
> 104 	                                    // when it fails (both =
parent and child processes).
> 105 	}
>=20
> (lldb) print dyn_pos
> (size_t) $0 =3D 2
>=20
> (That is one after the failure position.)
>=20
>=20
> (lldb) print dyn_region
> (region *volatile) $3 =3D 0x0000000040616000
>=20
> (lldb) print *dyn_region
> (region) $1 =3D {
> array =3D {
>  [0] =3D '\0'
>  [1] =3D '\0'
>  [2] =3D '\0'
> . . . (all '\0' bytes) . . .
>  [251] =3D '\0'
>  [252] =3D '\0'
>  [253] =3D '\0'
>  [254] =3D '\0'
>  [255] =3D '\0'
>  ...
> }
> }
>=20
> (lldb) print gbl_region
> (region) $2 =3D {
> array =3D {
>  [0] =3D '\0'
>  [1] =3D '\x01'
>  [2] =3D '\x02'
> . . .
>  [251] =3D '\xfb'
>  [252] =3D '\xfc'
>  [253] =3D '\xfd'
>  [254] =3D '\xfe'
>  [255] =3D '\xff'
>  ...
> }
> }
>=20
> (lldb) disass -n main
> a.out`main:
>  0x2022c <+0>:   sub    sp, sp, #0x30             ; =3D0x30=20
>  0x20230 <+4>:   stp    x29, x30, [sp, #0x20]
>  0x20234 <+8>:   add    x29, sp, #0x20            ; =3D0x20=20
>  0x20238 <+12>:  stur   wzr, [x29, #-0x4]
>  0x2023c <+16>:  bl     0x202b0                   ; test_setup at =
swap_testing.c:74
>  0x20240 <+20>:  bl     0x20580                   ; symbol stub for: =
fork
>  0x20244 <+24>:  mov    w8, wzr
>  0x20248 <+28>:  stur   w0, [x29, #-0x8]
>  0x2024c <+32>:  stur   wzr, [x29, #-0xc]
>  0x20250 <+36>:  ldur   w0, [x29, #-0x8]
>  0x20254 <+40>:  cmp    w8, w0
>  0x20258 <+44>:  b.ge   0x20268                   ; <+60> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x2025c <+48>:  sub    x0, x29, #0xc             ; =3D0xc=20
>  0x20260 <+52>:  bl     0x20590                   ; symbol stub for: =
wait
>  0x20264 <+56>:  str    w0, [sp, #0x10]
>  0x20268 <+60>:  mov    w8, #-0x1
>  0x2026c <+64>:  ldur   w9, [x29, #-0xc]
>  0x20270 <+68>:  cmp    w8, w9
>  0x20274 <+72>:  b.eq   0x202a0                   ; <+116> at =
swap_testing.c:44
>  0x20278 <+76>:  mov    w8, wzr
>  0x2027c <+80>:  ldur   w9, [x29, #-0x8]
>  0x20280 <+84>:  cmp    w8, w9
>  0x20284 <+88>:  b.gt   0x202a0                   ; <+116> at =
swap_testing.c:44
>  0x20288 <+92>:  ldur   w8, [x29, #-0x8]
>  0x2028c <+96>:  cbnz   w8, 0x2029c               ; <+112> at =
swap_testing.c:42
>  0x20290 <+100>: orr    w0, wzr, #0x3c
>  0x20294 <+104>: bl     0x205a0                   ; symbol stub for: =
sleep
>  0x20298 <+108>: str    w0, [sp, #0xc]
>  0x2029c <+112>: bl     0x20348                   ; test_check at =
swap_testing.c:89
>  0x202a0 <+116>: ldur   w0, [x29, #-0x4]
>  0x202a4 <+120>: ldp    x29, x30, [sp, #0x20]
>  0x202a8 <+124>: add    sp, sp, #0x30             ; =3D0x30=20
>  0x202ac <+128>: ret   =20
>=20
> (lldb) disass -n value
> a.out`value:
>  0x204cc <+0>:  sub    sp, sp, #0x10             ; =3D0x10=20
>  0x204d0 <+4>:  str    x0, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x204d4 <+8>:  ldrb   w8, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x204d8 <+12>: mov    w1, w8
>  0x204dc <+16>: mov    w0, w8
>  0x204e0 <+20>: str    w1, [sp, #0x4]
>  0x204e4 <+24>: add    sp, sp, #0x10             ; =3D0x10=20
>  0x204e8 <+28>: ret   =20
>=20
> (lldb) disass -n test_setup
> a.out`test_setup:
>  0x202b0 <+0>:   sub    sp, sp, #0x20             ; =3D0x20=20
>  0x202b4 <+4>:   stp    x29, x30, [sp, #0x10]
>  0x202b8 <+8>:   add    x29, sp, #0x10            ; =3D0x10=20
>  0x202bc <+12>:  orr    x0, xzr, #0x3800
>  0x202c0 <+16>:  bl     0x205b0                   ; symbol stub for: =
malloc
>  0x202c4 <+20>:  adrp   x30, 48
>  0x202c8 <+24>:  add    x30, x30, #0x0            ; =3D0x0=20
>  0x202cc <+28>:  str    x0, [x30]
>  0x202d0 <+32>:  ldr    x0, [x30]
>  0x202d4 <+36>:  cbnz   x0, 0x202e4               ; <+52> at =
swap_testing.c:78
>  0x202d8 <+40>:  orr    w0, wzr, #0x6
>  0x202dc <+44>:  bl     0x205c0                   ; symbol stub for: =
raise
>  0x202e0 <+48>:  str    w0, [sp, #0x4]
>  0x202e4 <+52>:  str    xzr, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x202e8 <+56>:  orr    x8, xzr, #0x3800
>  0x202ec <+60>:  ldr    x9, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x202f0 <+64>:  cmp    x9, x8
>  0x202f4 <+68>:  b.hs   0x2033c                   ; <+140> at =
swap_testing.c:81
>  0x202f8 <+72>:  ldr    x0, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x202fc <+76>:  bl     0x204cc                   ; value at =
swap_testing.c:72
>  0x20300 <+80>:  adrp   x30, 48
>  0x20304 <+84>:  add    x30, x30, #0x0            ; =3D0x0=20
>  0x20308 <+88>:  adrp   x8, 48
>  0x2030c <+92>:  add    x8, x8, #0x8              ; =3D0x8=20
>  0x20310 <+96>:  ldr    x9, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20314 <+100>: add    x8, x8, x9
>  0x20318 <+104>: strb   w0, [x8]
>  0x2031c <+108>: ldr    x8, [x30]
>  0x20320 <+112>: ldr    x9, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20324 <+116>: add    x8, x8, x9
>  0x20328 <+120>: strb   w0, [x8]
>  0x2032c <+124>: ldr    x8, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20330 <+128>: add    x8, x8, #0x1              ; =3D0x1=20
>  0x20334 <+132>: str    x8, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20338 <+136>: b      0x202e8                   ; <+56> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x2033c <+140>: ldp    x29, x30, [sp, #0x10]
>  0x20340 <+144>: add    sp, sp, #0x20             ; =3D0x20=20
>  0x20344 <+148>: ret   =20
>=20
> (lldb) disass -n test_check
> a.out`test_check:
>  0x20348 <+0>:   sub    sp, sp, #0x20             ; =3D0x20=20
>  0x2034c <+4>:   stp    x29, x30, [sp, #0x10]
>  0x20350 <+8>:   add    x29, sp, #0x10            ; =3D0x10=20
>  0x20354 <+12>:  b      0x20358                   ; <+16> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x20358 <+16>:  mov    w8, wzr
>  0x2035c <+20>:  adrp   x9, 51
>  0x20360 <+24>:  add    x9, x9, #0x808            ; =3D0x808=20
>  0x20364 <+28>:  ldrb   w10, [x9]
>  0x20368 <+32>:  stur   w8, [x29, #-0x4]
>  0x2036c <+36>:  tbnz   w10, #0x0, 0x2038c        ; <+68> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x20370 <+40>:  orr    x8, xzr, #0x3800
>  0x20374 <+44>:  adrp   x9, 51
>  0x20378 <+48>:  add    x9, x9, #0x810            ; =3D0x810=20
>  0x2037c <+52>:  ldr    x9, [x9]
>  0x20380 <+56>:  cmp    x9, x8
>  0x20384 <+60>:  cset   w10, lo
>  0x20388 <+64>:  stur   w10, [x29, #-0x4]
>  0x2038c <+68>:  ldur   w8, [x29, #-0x4]
>  0x20390 <+72>:  tbz    w8, #0x0, 0x203ec         ; <+164> at =
swap_testing.c:95
>  0x20394 <+76>:  adrp   x8, 51
>  0x20398 <+80>:  add    x8, x8, #0x810            ; =3D0x810=20
>  0x2039c <+84>:  ldr    x0, [x8]
>  0x203a0 <+88>:  bl     0x204cc                   ; value at =
swap_testing.c:72
>  0x203a4 <+92>:  adrp   x8, 51
>  0x203a8 <+96>:  add    x8, x8, #0x810            ; =3D0x810=20
>  0x203ac <+100>: adrp   x30, 51
>  0x203b0 <+104>: add    x30, x30, #0x808          ; =3D0x808=20
>  0x203b4 <+108>: adrp   x9, 48
>  0x203b8 <+112>: add    x9, x9, #0x8              ; =3D0x8=20
>  0x203bc <+116>: uxtb   w0, w0
>  0x203c0 <+120>: ldr    x10, [x8]
>  0x203c4 <+124>: add    x9, x9, x10
>  0x203c8 <+128>: ldrb   w11, [x9]
>  0x203cc <+132>: cmp    w0, w11
>  0x203d0 <+136>: cset   w11, ne
>  0x203d4 <+140>: and    w11, w11, #0x1
>  0x203d8 <+144>: strb   w11, [x30]
>  0x203dc <+148>: ldr    x9, [x8]
>  0x203e0 <+152>: add    x9, x9, #0x1              ; =3D0x1=20
>  0x203e4 <+156>: str    x9, [x8]
>  0x203e8 <+160>: b      0x20358                   ; <+16> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x203ec <+164>: b      0x203f0                   ; <+168> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x203f0 <+168>: mov    w8, wzr
>  0x203f4 <+172>: adrp   x9, 51
>  0x203f8 <+176>: add    x9, x9, #0x818            ; =3D0x818=20
>  0x203fc <+180>: ldrb   w10, [x9]
>  0x20400 <+184>: str    w8, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20404 <+188>: tbnz   w10, #0x0, 0x20424        ; <+220> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x20408 <+192>: orr    x8, xzr, #0x3800
>  0x2040c <+196>: adrp   x9, 51
>  0x20410 <+200>: add    x9, x9, #0x820            ; =3D0x820=20
>  0x20414 <+204>: ldr    x9, [x9]
>  0x20418 <+208>: cmp    x9, x8
>  0x2041c <+212>: cset   w10, lo
>  0x20420 <+216>: str    w10, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20424 <+220>: ldr    w8, [sp, #0x8]
>  0x20428 <+224>: tbz    w8, #0x0, 0x20488         ; <+320> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x2042c <+228>: adrp   x8, 51
>  0x20430 <+232>: add    x8, x8, #0x820            ; =3D0x820=20
>  0x20434 <+236>: ldr    x0, [x8]
>  0x20438 <+240>: bl     0x204cc                   ; value at =
swap_testing.c:72
>  0x2043c <+244>: adrp   x8, 51
>  0x20440 <+248>: add    x8, x8, #0x820            ; =3D0x820=20
>  0x20444 <+252>: adrp   x30, 51
>  0x20448 <+256>: add    x30, x30, #0x818          ; =3D0x818=20
>  0x2044c <+260>: adrp   x9, 48
>  0x20450 <+264>: add    x9, x9, #0x0              ; =3D0x0=20
>  0x20454 <+268>: uxtb   w0, w0
>  0x20458 <+272>: ldr    x9, [x9]
>  0x2045c <+276>: ldr    x10, [x8]
>  0x20460 <+280>: add    x9, x9, x10
>  0x20464 <+284>: ldrb   w11, [x9]
>  0x20468 <+288>: cmp    w0, w11
>  0x2046c <+292>: cset   w11, ne
>  0x20470 <+296>: and    w11, w11, #0x1
>  0x20474 <+300>: strb   w11, [x30]
>  0x20478 <+304>: ldr    x9, [x8]
>  0x2047c <+308>: add    x9, x9, #0x1              ; =3D0x1=20
>  0x20480 <+312>: str    x9, [x8]
>  0x20484 <+316>: b      0x203f0                   ; <+168> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x20488 <+320>: adrp   x8, 51
>  0x2048c <+324>: add    x8, x8, #0x808            ; =3D0x808=20
>  0x20490 <+328>: ldrb   w9, [x8]
>  0x20494 <+332>: tbz    w9, #0x0, 0x204a4         ; <+348> at =
swap_testing.c
>  0x20498 <+336>: orr    w0, wzr, #0x6
>  0x2049c <+340>: bl     0x205c0                   ; symbol stub for: =
raise
>  0x204a0 <+344>: str    w0, [sp, #0x4]
>  0x204a4 <+348>: adrp   x8, 51
>  0x204a8 <+352>: add    x8, x8, #0x818            ; =3D0x818=20
>  0x204ac <+356>: ldrb   w9, [x8]
>  0x204b0 <+360>: tbz    w9, #0x0, 0x204c0         ; <+376> at =
swap_testing.c:105
>  0x204b4 <+364>: orr    w0, wzr, #0x6
>  0x204b8 <+368>: bl     0x205c0                   ; symbol stub for: =
raise
> ->  0x204bc <+372>: str    w0, [sp]
>  0x204c0 <+376>: ldp    x29, x30, [sp, #0x10]
>  0x204c4 <+380>: add    sp, sp, #0x20             ; =3D0x20=20
>  0x204c8 <+384>: ret   =20
>=20
> # uname -apKU
> FreeBSD pine64 12.0-CURRENT FreeBSD 12.0-CURRENT  r314638M  arm64 =
aarch64 1200023 1200023
>=20
> buildworld buildlkernel did not have MALLOC_PRODUCTION=3D defined. The =
kernel is a
> non-debug kernel. (Previous to these experiments my other corruption =
examples
> were not caught by a debug kernel. I'm not hopeful that this simpler =
context
> would either.)



=3D=3D=3D
Mark Millard
markmi at dsl-only.net

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