From owner-freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Wed Mar 23 03:02:17 2016 Return-Path: Delivered-To: freebsd-questions@mailman.ysv.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2001:1900:2254:206a::19:1]) by mailman.ysv.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id C363EAC9BAE for ; Wed, 23 Mar 2016 03:02:17 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from unixreader@yahoo.com) Received: from nm49-vm10.bullet.mail.bf1.yahoo.com (nm49-vm10.bullet.mail.bf1.yahoo.com [216.109.114.251]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 (128/128 bits)) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 7F1811868 for ; Wed, 23 Mar 2016 03:02:17 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from unixreader@yahoo.com) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=yahoo.com; s=s2048; t=1458702028; bh=4hedc8etKxjGCYVKqDkwXd4TvlOqJUQefUNuA5qf0n0=; h=Date:From:Reply-To:To:In-Reply-To:References:Subject:From:Subject; b=J8qkljAELpqz+meCS6S81F1i0+PK4k4N5IuUCV1CtgrdEC/WTl6Ld23dg97Zml2aKjztymh2mWKOfHOvkNZkAG0FtBoR4aehJgPS3Q1t5QCNrDvgmybODcIzmoAJ/ZL4ABVpXqeK0rttsqSPZz1U8Hw6f6qDp3X5uP5iAU26TKFuuI/An5soqIxpMyZ1l1bWkjN1f6iUsBSLUDP9y4wfXSZQRr3mSCwrZlUdPaPj1J8641+E0f8HoNeVGwgFxGR0K91dq28fSpytr3bcB8y+6VopGl8tzlaHD+6/ahWlKjbefDkjapLRdgxSj1Pvj517Nyi6FJIxXGctj0gdeM2vYA== Received: from [98.139.214.32] by nm49.bullet.mail.bf1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 Mar 2016 03:00:28 -0000 Received: from [98.139.212.237] by tm15.bullet.mail.bf1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 Mar 2016 03:00:28 -0000 Received: from [127.0.0.1] by omp1046.mail.bf1.yahoo.com with NNFMP; 23 Mar 2016 03:00:28 -0000 X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: ymail-3 X-Yahoo-Newman-Id: 795439.15220.bm@omp1046.mail.bf1.yahoo.com Received: by 76.13.27.34; Wed, 23 Mar 2016 03:00:28 +0000 Date: Wed, 23 Mar 2016 03:00:26 +0000 (UTC) From: Teng Zhang Reply-To: "unixreader@yahoo.com" To: "freebsd-questions@freebsd.org" Message-ID: <1318373531.3863333.1458702026447.JavaMail.yahoo@mail.yahoo.com> In-Reply-To: <4460weh0ri.fsf@be-well.ilk.org> References: <4460weh0ri.fsf@be-well.ilk.org> Subject: =?UTF-8?Q?=E5=9B=9E=E5=A4=8D=EF=BC=9ARe:_some_confusion_in_socket(2)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Content-Filtered-By: Mailman/MimeDel 2.1.21 X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.21 Precedence: list List-Id: User questions List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Wed, 23 Mar 2016 03:02:17 -0000 ok, i see that. That is to say, this kind of socket just refer to the netwo= rk layer protocol such as the arp,icmp,ip protocols rather than transport l= ayer protocols such as tcp protool. =20 =20 =E5=9C=A8 2016=E5=B9=B43=E6=9C=8823=E6=97=A5=E5=91=A8=E4=B8=89 =E6=97=B6= =E9=97=B4:1:37=EF=BC=8CLowell Gilbert =E5=86=99=E9=81=93=EF=BC=9A Teng Zhang via freebsd-questions writes: > hello, in socket(2), the following sentence:=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0SOCK_RAW sockets > provide access to internal network protocols and interfaces.My > confusion is what are included in the range of "internal network > protocols and interfaces". Could you please tell me the answer or > where i can find relevant information. Raw sockets are nothing more than IP sockets without a transport protocol associated. Routing daemons and ping, for example, use raw sockets to directly control packet headers. =20